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comm.&disor.exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory/Perceptual Disorders | -hearing loss (otitis media, Sensorineural hearing loss) - Speech sounds errors for quiet sounds (s, f, t, k) - may have other delays in language |
| Preservative coarticulation | A sound is influenced by the preceding sound. Example: the /b/ in 'cool beans'. |
| phonological Disorder | - difficulty acquiring the rules of the sound system - omitting final word consonants - can produce all speech sounds appropriate for their age, but can't us the sounds in certain contexts |
| Manner of production | How the sound is made (fricative, stop, nasal, glottal, glides). |
| emmbolism | moving clot from another part of the body |
| Childhood Dysarthria | - caused by stroke, head injury, muscular dystrophy - muscles are weakened, paralyzed, or uncoordinated - results in difficulties with respiration, phonation, and articulation - leading cause: Cerebral Palsy |
| Stuttered Disfluencies: Part-word repetition | "I wa-wa want to go home" |
| Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD) | Abnormal involuntary movements of the larynx - adductor: vocal folds are tightly closed resulting in a strained voice quality -abductor: vocal folds are open, breathy weak voice -mixed: both adductor and abductor |
| Wernicke's aphasia | Impaired auditory comprehension, fluent speech, using different words, jargon (temporal lobe) |
| language delay vs. language disorder (can be receptive/expressive, or both) | - Later emergence of language, might catch up with peers - receptive and/or expressive difficulties |
| Motor/Neurological Speech Disorders | - Dysarthria - Apraxia |
| Stuttered disfluencies: Disrhythmic phonations | - Sound prolongations: "Lllllllook at that dog" - Blocks: "See the b(stop)-aby" |
| Anticipatory coarticulation | A sound is influenced by the upcoming sound. Example: the /t/ in 'twice'. |
| Childhood Apraxia of Speech | Childhood Apraxia of Speech - affects the ability of motor planning - no muscle weakness - child knows what they want to say, but have problems thinking about what muscles to use |
| voicing | Whether the vocal folds are vibrating |
| Multisyllabic disfluency | Word repetition in 2 or more syllable words Ex: "She really-really is here" |
| Disfluency | Interruptions in the forward flow of speech |
| medical model | Provides diagnostic clarity and common language, but may overemphasize impairment |
| height | A characteristic of vowels. |
| What causes brain damage? | Tumors, Progressive Deterioration, Closed head injuries, open head injury's |
| Carcinoma | cancerous tumor, possible laryngectomy |
| Nasal cavity | Nostrils to the velopharynx. |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (1% of population) | Deficits in... - social interaction - communication - stereotypical behaviors, interests, and activities - 25% also exhibit an intellectual disability |
| What about when the vocal folds shorten, what happens to the pitch? | Become thicker and less tense, lower pitches |
| resonance | Transfer of sound from vocal folds through the vocal tract. |
| Revisions or abandoned utterances disfluency | "I was- I am going" "Yesterday I went-hey look at that thing" |
| Fluency | Speech is effortless, easy |
| Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) | - may affect multiple language components - significant receptive and/or expressive language difficulties. - often persists into adolescence and adulthood |
| Functional voice Disorders | Psychological factors, faulty use of mechanism (aphonia) |
| Broca's aphasia | Non fluent, effortful speech, auditory comprehension is minimally impaired (frontal lobe) |
| Speech Sound Disorders (in childhood) | articulation and phonological disorders, are functional |
| Intellectual disability | - significantly sub average intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) - most have impairments in language content; some also in language form |
| Childhood language disorders | Can be in morphology, syntax, semantics, and/or pragmatics |
| Acquired Apraxia | occurs because of a stroke or other type of brain damage after learning speech |
| Interjection/Filler disfluency | Uh's and um's between words |
| Learning disabilities | - difficulties acquiring and using academic skills - may affect multiple areas - tend to run in family Examples: - dyslexia - Auditory/Language Processing Disorder |
| Articulation | Process of forming speech sounds (phonemes). |
| Frontness/backness | A characteristic of vowels. |
| Place of articulation | Which articulations are being used. (Alveolar, velar, bilabial, labiodental) |
| Dementia | Regressive decline in thinking, reasoning, language, judgement. Alzheimer's is the most frequent etiology |
| Oral cavity | Lips to back of throat |
| Phrase repetition disfluency | phrase is repeated Ex: "I was I was going to work" |
| ischemic stroke | Blockage of blood vessels |
| thrombus | Clot from gradual accumulation of plaque |
| Organic voice disorders | Related to physical changes in the larynx (cancer) |
| Hemorrhages | bursting of blood vessels |
| Pharyngeal cavity | Extends from vocal folds to the nasal cavity. |
| Aphasia | Acquired language disorder results in difficulty in producing or understanding speech (left hemisphere) |
| Articulation Disorde | - difficulty with articulation of speech sounds - produces sounds incorrectly due to faulty articulation movements - not moving the articulators the right way |
| Stuttered Disfluencies: Single syllable word repetition | "I-I-I-I can do it" |
| voice Disorders | Any deviation of the loudness, pitch, or quality that is outside the typical range for a person's age, sex, geographic or cultural background |
| Vocal fold paralysis | Unilateral or bilateral loss of laryngeal movements (including vocal fold opening or closing) that may be caused by damage to the brainstem, resulting in a weak, breathy voice, or possible difficulty breathing if paralyzed in the closed position |
| Pitch | When the vocal folds lengthen, they become thinner and more tense, resulting in higher pitches. |
| Global aphasia | All parts of language are severely impaired (all of the left hemisphere |
| Articulators | Tongue (most important), mandible, maxilla, alveolar ridge, soft palate (velum), hard palate, lips, teeth. |
| Neurological voice disorders | Muscle control and innervation (spasmodic dysphonia, vocal fold paralysis) |
| Vocal nodes | callous-like growths on the vocal cords caused by vocal abuse |
| Neurodiversity | Emphasizes natural variation and inclusion, but may understate challenges and has limited capacity |
| Structural Disorders | Structural Disorders - cleft lip or palate, results in a hole in the soft or hard palate, or both - results in velopharyngeal insufficiency resulting in hypernasality |
Created by:
kierabaker