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bio mod 4
biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cytology | The study of cells |
| ingestion | The ability to take in nutrients: this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell. |
| digestion | The ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized. |
| respiration | The ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules. |
| transport | The ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another. |
| secretion | The ability to release biosynthesized substances. |
| excretion | The ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell. |
| egestion | The ability to remove nonsoluble, undigested waste from the cell. |
| irritability | The ability to respond to stimuli. |
| organelle | A tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive. |
| prokaryotic cell | A cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles. |
| eukaryotic cell | A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles. |
| plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings. |
| cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. |
| cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cells content. |
| ribosomes | Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis. |
| cell wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells. |
| middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells. |
| nuclear membrane | A highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. |
| chromatin | Long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell. |
| rough er | ER that is dotted with ribosomes. |
| smooth er | ER that has no ribosomes. |
| golgi apparatus | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell. |
| vacuole | Lager membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste. |
| vesicle | Smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, water, waste, or products synthesized for secretion. |
| secretory vesicle | Vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion. |
| central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled water. |
| lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids. |
| peroxisome | A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide. |
| mitochondria | Double-membrane-bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy. |
| plastids | Double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food. |
| chloroplasts | Plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis. |
| chromoplasts | Plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis. |
| leucoplasts | Nonpigmented plastids that store starches or oils. |
| cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that hold the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement. |
| microfilaments | Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell’s cytoskeleton. |
| intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments. |
| microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure. |
| centrioles | Paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell;division; found in animal cells. |
| centrosome | A small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains. |
| fluid mosaic model | A model proposing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components (mainly phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol) that are free to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane. |
| phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group. |
| semipermeable | A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through. |
| passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input. |
| active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input. |
| concentration | A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent. |
| concentration gradient | The difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane. |
| diffusion | The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (with a concentration to an area of low concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium). |
| osmosis | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to low water concentration (high solute concentration). |
| hypotonic solution | A solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution. |
| hypertonic solution | A solution that has a high solute concentration (and so a low water concentration) relative to another solution. |
| isotonic solution | A solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution. |
| plasmolysis | Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water. |
| cytolysis | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure. |
| facilitated diffusion | The movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration. |
| endocytosis | The process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane. |
| exocytosis | The process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane. |
| phagocytosis | The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells. |
| pinocytosis | The endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles. |
Created by:
zaileylowder