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A+P II
lymphatic/cardiac/blood vessels
| Term | Definition/location |
|---|---|
| Lymph node | Filters lymph and traps germs. |
| Afferent lymph vessel | Carries lymph into a lymph node |
| Efferent lymph vessel | Carries lymph out of a lymph node |
| Lymph organs | Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow |
| Spleen | Filters blood and removes old red blood cells |
| Thymus | Where T cells mature |
| Tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual) | Pharyngeal tonsils Located behind the nose. Palatine tonsils Located on the sides of the throat. Lingual tonsils Located at the base of the tongue. |
| Lymph chains | are groups of lymph nodes that filter lymph and help fight infections. |
| Cervical | Located in the neck |
| Axillary | Located in the armpits. |
| Inguinal | Located in the groin. |
| Popliteal | Located behind the knees. |
| Intestinal(mesenteric) | Located near the intestines |
| Abdominal | Located in the abdomen |
| Pericardium | Protective sac surrounding the heart |
| SA Node | Natural pacemaker that starts the heartbeat. |
| AV Node | Delays electrical signals before ventricular contraction |
| Bundle of His | Carries electrical signals toward the ventricles |
| Purkinje fibers | Spread electrical signals through the ventricles |
| P,Q,R,S,T | P wave Atrial depolarization. Q wave First downward deflection of the QRS complex. R wave First upward deflection of the QRS complex. S wave Downward deflection after the R wave. T wave Ventricular repolarization |
| PR interval | Time from start of P wave to start of QRS. |
| PR segment | Time from end of P wave to start of QRS |
| QRS complex | Ventricular depolarization |
| QT interval | Time from start of QRS to end of T wave. |
| ST Segment | Time between QRS complex and T wave. |
| Aorta | Main artery carrying blood to the body |
| Superior vena cava | Returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium |
| Inferior vena cava | Returns blood from the lower body to the right atrium |
| Right atrium | Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body. |
| Left atrium | Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs |
| Right ventricle | Pumps blood to the lungs |
| Left ventricle | Pumps blood to the body |
| Interventricular septum | Wall separating the two ventricles |
| Inter(intra)arterial septum | Wall separating the two atria |
| Mitral value (bicuspid) | Between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
| Tricuspid valve | Between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| Pulmonary valve | Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
| Aortic valve | Between the left ventricle and aorta |
| Pulmonary trunk | Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
| Pulmonary artery | Carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs |
| Inferior vena cava | Carry oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium |
| Papillary muscles | Help prevent AV valves from flipping backward |
| Cordae tendineae | Anchor AV valves to papillary muscles |
| Endocardium | Inner lining of the heart |
| Myocardium | Muscular middle layer of the heart |
| Epicardium | Outer layer of the heart wall. |
| Calculate • Pulse pressure (PP) | Systolic BP - Diastolic BP. |
| Calculate Mean arterial pressure (MAP) | Diastolic BP + (Pulse pressure / 3). |
| Calculate Cardiac output (CO) | Heart rate x Stroke volume. |
| Calculate Stroke volume (SV) | End-diastolic volume - End-systolic volume |
| Calculate Heart rate (HR) | Cardiac output / Stroke volume. |
| Calculate Total peripheral resistance (TPR) | (MAP - Right atrial pressure) / Cardiac output. |
| Coronary arteries/veins | Supply/drain blood to the heart muscle |
| Circumflex artery | Supplies the left side of the heart |
| Aortic arch | Curved part of the aorta supplying the head and arms |
| Basilar artery | Supplies the brainstem and posterior brain |
| Brachial artery | Main artery of the upper arm |
| Carotid artery | Supplies blood to the head and neck |
| Circle of Willis | Circle of arteries at the base of the brain. |
| Common iliac | Supply or drain the pelvis and legs |
| Femoral | Major blood vessels of the thigh |
| Fibular | Located along the outer lower leg |
| Gastric | Supply or drain the stomach |
| Gonadal | Supply or drain the ovaries or testes. |
| Hepatic | Supply or drain the liver |
| Jugular vein | Drains blood from the head and neck |
| Mesentery | Supply or drain the intestines |
| Palmar | Located in the palm of the hand |
| Pedal | Located in the foot |
| Popliteal | Located behind the knee |
| Radial | Located on the thumb side of the forearm |
| Renal | Supply or drain the kidneys |
| Saphenous | Superficial veins in the legs |
| Splenic | Supply or drain the spleen |
| Sub clavicular | Located beneath the collarbone |
| Tibial | Located in the lower leg |
| Ulnar | Located on the pinky side of the forearm |
| Vertebral | Carry blood through the neck toward the brain |
| Nostril | External opening of the nose |
| Hard palate | Bony front portion of the roof of the mouth |
| Soft palate | Muscular back portion of the roof of the mouth. |
| Superior, middle, inferior o meatus o turbinate o concha | Middle nasal concha Middle curved structure inside the nasal cavity. Inferior nasal concha Lower curved structure inside the nasal cavity. Superior nasal meatus Air passage below the superior concha. Middle nasal meatus Air passage below the middle con |
| Frontal sinus | Air-filled cavity in the forehead |
| Maxillary sinus | Air-filled cavity in the cheekbone |
| Ethmoid sinus | Air-filled cavities between the eyes |
| Sphenoid sinus | Air-filled cavity behind the nasal cavity |
| Ethmoid bone o Perpendicular plate o CribrifVomerorm plate | Perpendicular plate Part of the ethmoid bone forming the nasal septum. Cribriform plate Part of the ethmoid bone where smell nerves pass. Vomer Bone forming the lower part of the nasal septum. |
| Vomer | Bone forming the lower part of the nasal septum |
| Conchae bone | Separate bone on the lower side of the nasal cavity |
| Septal cartilage | Cartilage separating the nostrils |
| Nasal bone | Forms the bridge of the nose. |
| Nasal Upper lateral cartilage | Supports the upper sides of the nose |
| Nasal Major alar cartilage | Supports the tip and nostril rims |
| Nasal Minor alar cartilage | Small cartilage supporting the outer nostril |
| Nasal Dense connective tissue | Helps support the shape of the nose. |
| Eustachian tube | Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx |
| Pharynx (nasal, oral, laryngeal) | Nasopharynx Upper throat behind the nose. Oropharynx Middle throat behind the mouth. Laryngopharynx Lower throat leading to the larynx and esophagus. |
| Tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual) | Pharyngeal tonsils Located in the nasopharynx. Palatine tonsils Located on the sides of the oropharynx. Lingual tonsils Located at the base of the tongue. |
| Glottis | Opening between the vocal cords. |
| Epiglottis | Flap that helps prevent food from entering the airway. |
| Hyoid bone | Supports the tongue and larynx |
| Thyroid cartilage | Large cartilage forming the Adam's apple. |
| Cricoid cartilage | Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid cartilage. |
| Vocal cords | Produce sound by vibrating |
| Trachea | Windpipe that carries air toward the lungs |
| Brachial tree (primary, secondary, tertiary branches) | Primary bronchi Carry air into the right and left lungs. Secondary bronchi Carry air into each lung lobe. Tertiary bronchi Carry air into lung segments. |
| 5 Lobes of the lungs | Right lung lobes Superior, middle, and inferior. Left lung lobes Superior and inferior. |
| Pleura o Visceral o Parietal | Visceral pleura Membrane covering the lungs. Parietal pleura Membrane lining the chest cavity |
| Alveoli | Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. |
| Alveolar sac | Cluster of alveoli. |
| Diaphragm | Main muscle used for breathing. |
| Cranial nerves associated with respiratory system | Olfactory nerve (CN I) Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) |
| How to label and calculate • Expiratory reserve volume | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) — Extra air forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation. Formula: ERV = FRC − RV. |
| How to label and calculate Inspiratory reserve volume | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) — Extra air inhaled after a normal breath. Formula: IRV = IC − TV. |
| How to label and calculate Residual volume | Residual Volume (RV) — Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation. Located at the bottom of the lung volume graph. Formula: RV = TLC − VC. |
| How to label and calculate Functional residual capacity | Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) — Air remaining after a normal exhalation. Formula: FRC = ERV + RV. Copy flashcard |
| How to label and calculate Tidal volume | Tidal Volume (TV) — Air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. Formula: TV = IC − IRV. Typical resting adult value: about 500 mL. |
| How to label and calculate Total lung capacity | TLC = Total = add all four lung volumes together. |
| How to label and calculate Inspiratory capacity | Inspiratory Capacity (IC) — Maximum air inhaled after a normal exhalation. Formula: IC = TV + IRV. |
| How to label and calculate Vital capacity | Vital Capacity (VC) — Maximum air exhaled after a deep inhalation. Formula: VC = IRV + TV + ERV. |
Created by:
ctayl128