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Cow pregnancy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are cow placentas like? | Cotyledonary |
| Cotyledon | Fetal placenta attachment points on the fetus's side |
| Caruncle | Fetal placenta attachment points on the mother's side |
| Amnion | Protects the fetus from getting bumped around |
| Chorioallantois allantoic fluid | Sack around the amniotic sac to protect fetus |
| What was the old way pregnancy used to be diagnosed? | Put on a glove and palpate cow |
| What are the new ways pregnancy is diagnosed? | Ultrasound through rectum, blood/milk sampling for pregnancy hormones |
| What is the first indication of pregnancy? | Whether or not a cow comes back into heat after 21 days |
| Open cow | A not pregnant cow |
| When should an ultrasound be done? | At 28 days |
| When should a palpation be done? | At 35 days |
| PAGs | Pregnancy associated glycoproteins |
| When should blood/milk sampling be done? | At 24 days |
| What is the format for most hormonal samplings? | An ELISA test |
| How many tests can an ELISA test do? | 96 per plate |
| What do the colors mean on and ELISA pregnancy tests? | Yellow means pregnant, clear means open |
| Lateral flow test | Blood test to determine pregnancy |
| What do the strips on a lateral flow test mean? | One strip is not pregnant, two strips is pregnant |
| Why is it important to pregnancy test your cows as soon as possible? | So you can treat a cow that's not pregnant |
| When should you recheck your cows? | 60-80 days after AI |
| Why do you recheck cows? | Determine fetal sex, 10% embryonic loss in diary cows |
| Do cow fetuses implant? | No |
| Lactation | Process of making milk |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | Comes from hypothalamus, goes to anterior pituitary, controls ACTH release |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Comes from anterior pituitary, goes to adrenal gland, controls glucocorticoid release |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Comes from anterior pituitary, responsible for lactogenesis and maintaining lactation |
| Oxytocin | Comes from posterior pituitary, goes to uterus, contracts myometrium during calving and myoepithelial cells in mammary gland during milk let down |
| Glucocortatids/cortisol | Comes from adrenal gland, initiates parturition and is required for lactogenesis |
| Stroma | Supportive connective tissue of mammary gland |
| Parenchyma | Glandular secretory (milk producing) tissue |
| Alveoli | Milk secreting epithelial cells, ball shaped, small circles in the lobes, expands when milk is produced and stops when full |
| Mammary epithelial cells | Inside the alveoli that produce the milk |
| Myoepithelial cells | Muscular part of alveoli, contract to release milk in response to oxytocin |
| Ducts | Lined by epithelial cells, gets the milk out of the mammary gland, attaches lobes to cistern |
| Lobules and lobes | Cluster of alveolar tissue supported by connective tissue |
| Mammogenesis | Development of the mammary gland |
| Stage 1 of mammogenesis | Duct development stimulated by E2 and P4, cycling begins |
| Stage 2 of mammogenesis | Prolactin stimulates alveoli development |
| When is mammogenesis completed? | Late pregnancy |
| Colostrogenesis | Formation of colostrum |
| How is colostrum formed? | Components are transferred from the cow's blood to her milk |
| Components of colostrum | Antibodies, vitamins, growth factors, cytokines, and beneficial hormones |
| When is colostrum made? | 4-6 weeks before calving |
| What happens to the mother's antibodies before calving? | Dip hard |
| What has to be done to keep pregnant cows healthy? | Vaccinate them to keep antibodies up |
| When does lactogenesis start? | After calving |
Created by:
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