Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government; weak national government with no power to tax or regulate interstate trade. Daniel Shays

Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran who led an uprising against debts and taxes.

Farmers and supporters who joined Shays' Rebellion against economic hardship.

Governor James Bowdoin

Massachusetts governor who organized a privately funded militia to suppress Shays' Rebellion.

General who commanded the militia that defeated Shays' Rebellion in 1787.

Father of the Constitution; helped write the Virginia Plan and Federalist Papers; fourth president.

Proposal for a strong national government with representation based on population.

Paterson's New Jersey Plan

Proposal for equal state representation in Congress, favoring smaller states.

Pennsylvania delegate who supported popular sovereignty and a strong national government.

Connecticut delegate who helped propose the Great Compromise.

Created a House based on population and a Senate with equal representation for each state.

Virginia delegate who refused to sign the Constitution without stronger protections for rights.

Opposed ratifying the Constitution, fearing a powerful central government and lost liberties.

Supported ratifying the Constitution and a stronger federal government.

Essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay defending ratification of the Constitution.

First ten constitutional amendments protecting individual liberties, ratified in 1791.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Counted three-fifths of enslaved people for House representation and direct taxation.

Convention bargain protecting the international slave trade until 1808 and allowing taxes on imports.

First Treasury secretary; supported federal debt assumption, a national bank, and manufacturing.

Executive advisers including Jefferson at State and Hamilton at Treasury.

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

First major parties: Federalists favored stronger national power; Democratic-Republicans favored limited federal power.

Financial program involving federal debt assumption, funding debt at par, taxes, and a national bank.

Federal government taking responsibility for states' Revolutionary War debts.

Bank of the United States

National bank created in 1791 to manage federal finances and stabilize credit.

Tax on goods produced or sold domestically, including whiskey.

Third president; Democratic-Republican leader who favored agrarian republicanism and limited government

Former Revolutionary War officer and whiskey-tax protest leader in western Pennsylvania.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Pennsylvania protest against whiskey excise tax; Washington used troops to enforce federal law.

First chief justice and negotiator of Jay's Treaty with Britain.

Forcing sailors into naval service; British seizure of American sailors angered the U.S.

Agreement with Britain securing evacuation of western forts but not ending impressment.

Land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi organized for settlement and statehood.

Citizen Edmond-Charles Genet

French diplomat who tried to recruit Americans to support France despite U.S. neutrality.

Violent radical phase of the French Revolution with mass executions in 1793-1794.

Second president; Federalist who faced the XYZ Affair, Quasi-War, and Alien and Sedition Acts.

French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, increasing tensions with France.

Jedidiah Morse and Illuminati conspiracy

Federalist minister spread fears that a secret Illuminati plot threatened American religion and government.

Undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France from 1798 to 1800.

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

laws tightening immigration rules and punishing some criticism of the federal government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson and Madison argued states could challenge unconstitutional federal laws.

Claim that a state may declare a federal law invalid within its borders.

Article VI of Northwest Ordinance 1787

provision prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, with a fugitive-slave exception.

Vermont, Kentucky, and balance of power

Admission of free Vermont (1791) and slave Kentucky (1792) helped balance regional interests.

Eli Whitney's machine that rapidly removed cotton seeds and expanded demand for enslaved labor.

Immediate vs. gradual emancipation

Immediate emancipation frees enslaved people at once; gradual emancipation phases freedom in over time.

Pennsylvania Emancipation Act of 1780

Law gradually ending slavery for future generations while leaving many already enslaved people in bondage.

Man born enslaved in Connecticut who wrote about slavery and gradual emancipation in the North.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

Federal law providing a process to seize and return people who escaped slavery.

Naturalization Act of 1790

Limited naturalized citizenship to free white persons meeting residency requirements.

Ending government support or official preference for a particular church.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Jefferson's law protecting freedom of belief and ending state support for churches in Virginia.

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Question	Answer
Articles of Confederation	First U.S. government; weak national government with no power to tax or regulate interstate trade. Daniel Shays
Daniel Shays	Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran who led an uprising against debts and taxes.
Shaysites	Farmers and supporters who joined Shays' Rebellion against economic hardship.
Governor James Bowdoin	Massachusetts governor who organized a privately funded militia to suppress Shays' Rebellion.
Benjamin Lincoln	General who commanded the militia that defeated Shays' Rebellion in 1787.
James Madison	Father of the Constitution; helped write the Virginia Plan and Federalist Papers; fourth president.
Virginia Plan	Proposal for a strong national government with representation based on population.
Paterson's New Jersey Plan	Proposal for equal state representation in Congress, favoring smaller states.
James Wilson	Pennsylvania delegate who supported popular sovereignty and a strong national government.
Roger Sherman	Connecticut delegate who helped propose the Great Compromise.
Great Compromise	Created a House based on population and a Senate with equal representation for each state.
George Mason	Virginia delegate who refused to sign the Constitution without stronger protections for rights.
Anti-Federalists	Opposed ratifying the Constitution, fearing a powerful central government and lost liberties.
Federalists	Supported ratifying the Constitution and a stronger federal government.
Federalist Papers	Essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay defending ratification of the Constitution.
Bill of Rights	First ten constitutional amendments protecting individual liberties, ratified in 1791.
Three-Fifths Compromise	Counted three-fifths of enslaved people for House representation and direct taxation.
Dirty Compromise	Convention bargain protecting the international slave trade until 1808 and allowing taxes on imports.
Alexander Hamilton	First Treasury secretary; supported federal debt assumption, a national bank, and manufacturing.
Washington's Cabinet	Executive advisers including Jefferson at State and Hamilton at Treasury.
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans	First major parties: Federalists favored stronger national power; Democratic-Republicans favored limited federal power.
Hamilton's Plan	Financial program involving federal debt assumption, funding debt at par, taxes, and a national bank.
Assumption	Federal government taking responsibility for states' Revolutionary War debts.
Bank of the United States	National bank created in 1791 to manage federal finances and stabilize credit.
Excise Tax	Tax on goods produced or sold domestically, including whiskey.
Thomas Jefferson	Third president; Democratic-Republican leader who favored agrarian republicanism and limited government
Robert Johnson	Former Revolutionary War officer and whiskey-tax protest leader in western Pennsylvania.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)	Pennsylvania protest against whiskey excise tax; Washington used troops to enforce federal law.
John Jay	First chief justice and negotiator of Jay's Treaty with Britain.
Impressment	Forcing sailors into naval service; British seizure of American sailors angered the U.S.
Jay's Treaty (1795)	Agreement with Britain securing evacuation of western forts but not ending impressment.
Northwest Territory	Land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi organized for settlement and statehood.
Citizen Edmond-Charles Genet	French diplomat who tried to recruit Americans to support France despite U.S. neutrality.
Reign of Terror	Violent radical phase of the French Revolution with mass executions in 1793-1794.
John Adams	Second president; Federalist who faced the XYZ Affair, Quasi-War, and Alien and Sedition Acts.
XYZ Affair	French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, increasing tensions with France.
Jedidiah Morse and Illuminati conspiracy	Federalist minister spread fears that a secret Illuminati plot threatened American religion and government.
Quasi-War	Undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France from 1798 to 1800.
Alien and Sedition Acts 1798	laws tightening immigration rules and punishing some criticism of the federal government.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Jefferson and Madison argued states could challenge unconstitutional federal laws.
Nullification	Claim that a state may declare a federal law invalid within its borders.
Article VI of Northwest Ordinance 1787	provision prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, with a fugitive-slave exception.
Vermont, Kentucky, and balance of power	Admission of free Vermont (1791) and slave Kentucky (1792) helped balance regional interests.
Cotton Gin	Eli Whitney's machine that rapidly removed cotton seeds and expanded demand for enslaved labor.
Immediate vs. gradual emancipation	Immediate emancipation frees enslaved people at once; gradual emancipation phases freedom in over time.
Pennsylvania Emancipation Act of 1780	Law gradually ending slavery for future generations while leaving many already enslaved people in bondage.
James Mars	Man born enslaved in Connecticut who wrote about slavery and gradual emancipation in the North.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793	Federal law providing a process to seize and return people who escaped slavery.
Naturalization Act of 1790	Limited naturalized citizenship to free white persons meeting residency requirements.
Disestablishment	Ending government support or official preference for a particular church.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom	Jefferson's law protecting freedom of belief and ending state support for churches in Virginia.
Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's election, marking a peaceful transfer of power between rival political parties.
Aaron Burr	Jefferson's running mate who tied him in the 1800 Electoral College vote
36 Ballots	Number of House votes needed to break the Jefferson-Burr tie in the election of 1800.
Twelfth Amendment	Required separate Electoral College votes for president and vice president after the 1800 tie.
John Marshall	Federalist chief justice who strengthened the Supreme Court and federal authority.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review.
Judicial Review	Power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional.
Washington's Farewell Address 1796	warning against permanent foreign alliances and bitter political parties.
Land Ordinance of 1785	Surveyed western lands into townships and sections for sale and settlement.
Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Established a process for territories to become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.
Newburgh Conspiracy 1783	army officers' unrest over unpaid wages; Washington urged loyalty to civilian government.
Annapolis Convention (1786)	Meeting on trade problems that called for the 1787 Constitutional Convention.
Funding at Par	Hamilton's plan to pay federal bonds at full face value plus interest.
Pinckney's Treaty 1795	treaty with Spain granting U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi and access to New Orleans.
Matthew Lyon	Democratic-Republican congressman convicted under the Sedition Act for criticizing Adams.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)	Supreme Court ruling that a state law violating the Constitution's contract protections could be struck down.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)	Supreme Court protected a private college's charter as a contract.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	Upheld implied federal powers and ruled states cannot tax the national bank.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	Supreme Court strengthened federal authority over interstate commerce.
Gabriel's Rebellion Plot (1800)	Enslaved blacksmith Gabriel planned a Virginia uprising; authorities uncovered the plot.
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)	Successful uprising against slavery and French colonial rule that created independent Haiti.
Toussaint L'Ouverture	Major military and political leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Bobalition	Mock abolitionist writing used to ridicule Black Americans and antislavery efforts.
The Colored	American Black abolitionist newspaper founded in 1837 advocating racial equality and emancipation.
Henry Moss	Man with vitiligo whose changing skin color was exhibited amid debates over race.
Samuel Stanhope Smith's Essay 1787 .	argument that environment and climate shaped differences in human appearance
Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia 1785	work describing Virginia and expressing Jefferson's racist views on Black people.
Benjamin Banneker	Free Black mathematician and astronomer who challenged Jefferson's racist assumptions.
Polygenesis Theory	Racist theory claiming human races originated separately rather than sharing ancestry.
David Walker's Appeal (1829)	Militant abolitionist pamphlet urging Black Americans to resist slavery and oppression.
Election of 1800	Jefferson defeated Adams after the House resolved an Electoral College tie with Burr.
James Ashton Bayard	Federalist congressman whose abstention helped end the 1800 election deadlock.
Three-Fifths Clause and stolen election claims	Critics argued extra electoral votes from counting enslaved people helped Jefferson win in 1800.
Mercy Otis Warren	Writer and political thinker who supported republicanism and wrote about the Revolution.
Republican Motherhood	Idea that women should educate children in civic virtue to sustain the republic.
Louisiana Purchase 1803	U.S. purchase from France that doubled the nation's territory.
Robert R. Livingston	American diplomat who helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon Bonaparte	French leader who sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803.
Talleyrand	French foreign minister involved in diplomacy surrounding the Louisiana Purchase.
Northern fears of slave representation	Concern that new slave states would increase Southern political power through the three-fifths clause.
William Ely and Ely's Amendment	Proposal to limit representation benefits from slavery in newly acquired territories.
Embargo Act of 1807	Jefferson's ban on U.S. foreign trade to pressure Britain and France; hurt American merchants.
USS Chesapeake and Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807	British attack on an American warship intensified anger over impressment.
James Callender	Political writer who publicized allegations about Jefferson's relationship with Sally Hemings.
Sally Hemings	Enslaved woman at Monticello who had children fathered by Thomas Jefferson.
Play-off System	U.S. practice of exploiting divisions among Native nations to gain land and influence.
Red Jacket	Seneca leader and orator who defended Native land and cultural autonomy.
Neolin and Native religious prophets	Indigenous spiritual leaders urged cultural renewal and resistance to settler expansion.
Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who built a Native confederacy to resist U.S. expansion.
Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)	Tecumseh's brother and spiritual leader urging Native peoples to reject U.S. influence.
Treaty of Greenville (1795)	After Fallen Timbers, Native leaders ceded much of present-day Ohio to the U.S.
Prophetstown	Native settlement in Indiana and center of Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh's movement.
Western Confederacy	Alliance of Native nations resisting U.S. expansion in the Ohio Valley.
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)	U.S. victory over Native forces that led to the Treaty of Greenville.
Indian Confederacy	Alliance of Native nations formed to defend their lands against U.S. expansion.
Pan-Indian Resistance	Cooperation across Native nations to resist settlers and U.S. control.
Red Stick Creeks	Creek faction that resisted U.S. influence and fought in the Creek War.
Hillis Hadjo	Red Stick Creek leader also known as Francis the Prophet.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)	Andrew Jackson defeated Red Stick Creek forces, leading to major Creek land losses.
Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)	Forced the Creek Nation to surrender millions of acres after the Creek War.
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)	William Henry Harrison attacked Prophetstown, weakening Tecumseh's confederacy.
War of 1812	U.S. war against Britain driven by impressment, trade restrictions, and frontier conflicts.
William Henry Harrison	U.S. general at Tippecanoe and the Thames; later ninth president.
War Hawks: Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun	Young congressmen who urged war with Britain to defend U.S. honor and interests.
James Madison as wartime president	Fourth president who asked Congress to declare war on Britain in 1812.
Napoleonic Wars	European wars that led Britain and France to restrict neutral American trade.
James Lawrence	Naval captain remembered for the command 'Don't give up the ship!'
USS Constitution / Old Ironsides	U.S. frigate famous for victories over British warships in the War of 1812.
Plattsburgh 1814	U.S. naval victory on Lake Champlain that helped stop a British invasion.
Fort McHenry	Baltimore fort that resisted British bombardment in September 1814.
Francis Scott Key and The Star-Spangled Banner	Key wrote the poem after seeing the U.S. flag still flying over Fort McHenry.
Andrew Jackson	General who won at New Orleans and Horseshoe Bend; later seventh president.
Battle of New Orleans	January 1815 U.S. victory led by Jackson after the peace treaty was signed.
Hartford Convention (1814)	New England Federalists criticized the war and proposed constitutional changes, hurting their party.
Treaty of Ghent 1814	treaty ending the War of 1812 and restoring prewar boundaries.
American System	Henry Clay's program for a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.
Monroe Doctrine 1823	warning that European powers should not colonize or interfere in the Americas.
Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806 exploration of Louisiana territory and the Pacific Northwest.
Jeffboats	British navy's small gunboats used to patrol or enforce control in contested waters; term varies by course.
Barbary States	North African states whose corsairs demanded tribute and attacked Mediterranean shipping.
Pasha of Tripoli	Ruler of Tripoli whose conflict with Jefferson led to the First Barbary War.
First Barbary War (1801-1805)	U.S. naval war against Tripoli over tribute and attacks on American shipping.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)	Reopened most U.S. trade but banned commerce with Britain and France.
Blue Light Federalists	Alleged New England opponents accused of signaling to British ships during the War of 1812.
Oliver Hazard Perry	U.S. naval commander who defeated British forces on Lake Erie in 1813.
How did the early republic develop a stronger national identity?	#The Constitution, War of 1812, westward expansion, American System, and Monroe Doctrine helped strengthen national unity and independence.
What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?	#Congress could not tax, regulate interstate trade, or easily enforce laws. This made the national government weak.
How did Shays' Rebellion lead to the Constitution?	#It showed the national government was too weak to handle unrest and convinced leaders that a stronger federal government was needed.
How did James Madison influence the Constitution?	#He helped create the Virginia Plan, supported a strong national government, helped write the Federalist Papers, and proposed the Bill of Rights.
What were the major compromises at the Constitutional Convention?	#The Great Compromise created two houses of Congress, the Three-Fifths Compromise addressed enslaved population counts and another compromise protected the slave trade until 1808.,
Why did Federalists and Anti-Federalists disagree?	#Federalists supported a strong national government. Anti-Federalists feared losing individual and state rights and wanted a Bill of Rights.
How did Hamilton and Jefferson disagree about government?	#Hamilton favored a strong federal government, national bank, and manufacturing. Jefferson favored limited federal power, agriculture, and states' rights.
How did the first political parties develop?	Disagreements over Hamilton's financial plan, federal power, and foreign policy created the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
How did foreign conflicts affect Washington and Adams?	#Washington tried to remain neutral between Britain and France. Adams faced the XYZ Affair and Quasi-War, which increased political tensions.
How did Black Americans challenge slavery in the early republic?	#They used resistance, rebellion, writing, and demands for equality. Examples include Gabriel's planned rebellion, Benjamin Banneker, and the Haitian Revolution.
What were the contradictions of Jeffersonian democracy?	#Jefferson promoted liberty and limited government but enslaved people, expanded federal power through the Louisiana Purchase, and supported policies that restricted Native Americans
How did the election of 1800 change American politics?	#Jefferson defeated Adams, creating a peaceful transfer of power between political parties and strengthening American democracy.
How did Republican Motherhood affect women?	#Women were expected to educate children in republican values, increasing support for women's education but not giving them equal political rights.
Why did Native Americans resist U.S. expansion?	#American settlers were taking Native lands and threatening their independence, cultures, and way of life.
Why did diplomacy between Native Americans and the U.S. often fail?#	The U.S. continued demanding land and settlers violated treaties, causing Native leaders like Tecumseh to organize resistance.
What caused the War of 1812?#	British impressment of American sailors, restrictions on U.S. trade, and conflicts involving Native Americans on the frontier increased tensions
What were the major effects of the War of 1812?#	The war increased nationalism, weakened the Federalist Party, encouraged American manufacturing, and strengthened U.S. independence.
How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States?	#It doubled U.S. territory, encouraged westward expansion, increased conflicts over Native lands, and raised debates about slavery.
How did slavery create regional divisions?	#Northern states gradually ended slavery while Southern states depended increasingly on enslaved labor, especially after the cotton gin expanded cotton production
How did the Supreme Court strengthen federal power?	#Under John Marshall, cases like Marbury v. Madison established judicial review and McCulloch v. Maryland upheld federal authority.

Created by: Lilyhowes

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