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PSY 275
Ch. 12 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychodynamic therapy came | first historically |
| Definition and Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy | Goal is to make the unconscious conscious; help clients become aware of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. -the existence of the unconscious-is one of Freud's most important and enduring contributions; exerts a powerful sway over day-to-day life |
| Inferential | try to "read" their clients and hypothesize about their unconscious activity using the following methods -free association, Freudian slips, dreams, resistance |
| Free Association | technique where they simply ask clients to say whatever comes to mind without censoring themselves; verbalize any thought, no matter how nonsensical, inappropriate it may seem |
| Freudian Slips | verbal or behavioral mistakes determined by unconscious motivations |
| Dreams | communicate unconscious material. Freud theorized that when we sleep, our minds convert latent content (raw thoughts and feelings) to manifest content (actual plot of the dream as we remember it) -Dream work |
| Dream work | uses symbols to express wishes, which can result in unconscious wishes appearing in a very distorted or disguised form |
| Resistance | client behavior that impedes discussion or conscious awareness of selected topics or emotions -Freuds structural model of the mind includes 3 forces, the interaction of which takes place largely outside our awareness: id, superego, ego |
| Id | the part of the mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent and animalistic impulses |
| Superego | part of the mind that establishes rules, restrictions and prohibitors |
| Ego | a mediator. It faces the challenge of partially satisfying both of these opposing forces while also meeting the demands of reality |
| Defense Mechanisms | Repression -Projection -Reaction Formation -Displacement -Sublimation |
| Repression | when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can repress conscious awareness of the impulse and id/superego conflict around it -sweep them under the rug |
| Projection | when the id has an impulse and the superego rejects it, the ego can project the id impulse onto other people around us |
| Reaction Formation | the ego can form a reaction against the id impulse-do the exact opposite |
| Displacement | the ego can displace the id impulse toward a safer target |
| Sublimation | the ego can sublimate it-redirect it in such a way that the resulting behavior actually benefits others |
| Transference "most important focus" | refers to client's tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the client's past |
| "Blank Screen" Role | the therapist role in which little personal info. is revealed to facilitate transference |
| Countertransference | a reaction to the client that is unconsciously distorted by the therapist's own personal experiences |
| Considering Culture: Culture Specific Preferences, the Psychodynamic Approach, and the Blank Screen Therapist: 8 distinct therapist roles that clients may seek: | advisor, advocate, facilitator of indigenous support systems and healing systems, consultant, change agent, counselor, psychotherapist |
| Considering Culture: Culture Specific Preferences, the Psychodynamic Approach, and the Blank Screen Therapist: Atkinson et al. (1993) argue that people | less accultured to mainstream U.S culture tend to favor the first 4 roles on the list, whereas people with higher level tend to favor the last 4 |
| Considering Culture: Culture Specific Preferences, the Psychodynamic Approach, and the Blank Screen Therapist: Prefer a therapist who | provides warm support, or focuses on a particular challenge -control the direction of the therapy, or allows the client to -focuses on the client's past experiences or present -encourages intense emotions or steers clear of intense emotions |
| In general, women have stronger preferences than men for | warm support from their therapist, and people of color had stronger preferences for intense emotions than white people |
| Freud's psychosexual stages of development | oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital |
| Fixation | the idea that as children move through the developmental stages, they may become psychologically or emotionally "stuck" at any one of them to some extent and may continue to struggle with issues related to that stage for many yrs., into adulthood |
| Oral Stage | takes place during 1st yr. of a child's life; experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth and feeding is the focal issue -a primary issue at this stage is dependency |
| Kids who experience problems at the oral stage may display other "oral" behaviors later in life: | smoking, overeating, drinking and nail biting etc. |
| Oral Stage, such children may develop | overly trusting, naive, unrealistically optimistic personalities, and as adults, will form relationships accordingly -children may learn that depending on others never works out |
| Anal Stage | occurring when child is about 1.5-3 yrs. old; control is the central issue; adults begin to place demands on children regarding their speech, behavior, etc. -children may become overly concerned about getting everything just right |
| Anal stage, children often grow into adults who think | obsessively and behave compulsively in order to stay in control -if parents are too lenient, children can become lax about organization |
| Phallic Stage | taking place from about 3-6 yrs. old; most controversial, the Oedipus and Electra complexes: children at this age wish to have a special, close relationship with parents -self-worth is the most important consequence |
| Phallic Stage: when parents respond too positively, they reciprocate children's wishes too strongly--> | may grow into adults whose opinions of themselves are so unrealistically high that they come across as arrogant or egotistical -parents who reject-->grow up to adults that devalue themselves and are overly insecure and self-doubting |
| Interpersonal Therapy | developed in the 1980s by Gerald Kleman and Myrna Weissman; originally created to treat depression; designed to last about 14-20 sessions |
| Interpersonal Therapy: the fundamental assumption is that depression happens in the context of | interpersonal relationships, so improving the client's relationship with others will facilitate improvement -Proceeds with 3 stages: first stage, intermediate, final stage |
| Interpersonal Therapy: First stage (about 2 sessions) | involves categorizing the client's problems into 1 of the 4 categories- role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, or grief |
| Interpersonal Therapy: Intermediate sessions (10-12) | emphasize improving the client's problems as identified in the first stage, includes an educational component |
| Interpersonal Therapy: Final Stage (2-4 sessions) | involves a review of the client's accomplishments, recognition of the client's capacity to succeed over depression without therapist's continued help and efforts to prevent relapse |
| Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy | specifically designed for clients with bipolar depression; efforts to control and stabilize daily rhythms, sleep/wake cycle, and social interactions |
| Transference-Focused Therapy | a manualized therapy that places strong emphasis on the unconscious transference of feelings and expectations by the client to the therapist -used most often with clients with borderline personality disorder |
| Mentalization-Based Therapy | the ability to correctly identify your own feelings and feelings of other people as well as the ability to understand how feelings and behaviors can connect or be separated from each other, can result in extreme emotional swings, unstable relationships |
| Mentalization-Based Therapy used for people with | borderline personality disorder and people with PTSD, substance use and eating disorders |
| How Well Does Psychodynamic Therapy work? | was roughly equivalent in its outcome to cognitive-behavior therapy -produce more insight-that is, more extensively make the unconscious conscious to clients-tend to produce better therapy outcomes -hard to empirically measure, allegiance effects |
| Allegiance effects | refer to the influence of researchers' own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical studies, may influence outcome studies |
| Ego Psychology (Erik Erikson) emphasizes social relationships over psychosexual stages, 8 stages | 1. Trust vs. mistrust, hope, infancy 2. autonomy vs. shape, will, early childhood 3. initiative vs. guilt, purpose, play age 4. industry vs. inferiority, competency, school age 5. ego identity vs. role confusion, fidelity, adolescence |
| Ego Psychology (Erik Erikson) part 2 | 6. intimacy vs. isolation, love, young adult 7. generativity vs. stagnation, care, adulthood 8. ego integrity vs. despair, wisdom, maturity |
| Object relations (Melanie Klien) | emphasizes relationships between internalized "objects" (important people from the client's life) |
| Self-Psychology (Han Kohut) | emphasizes parental roles in the development of the self, with special attention to narcissism |
| Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapies | narrow problems, quick alliance, focus on present as well as past, therapists are more active, pathology is less severe |
| Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy | focus on transference and a therapy relationship that doesn't follow the same unhealthy, unconscious "script" as previous relationships -make client aware of script to enable a corrective emotional experience |
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