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cell vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | the smallest structural and functional unit of life that can live on its own. |
| Osmosis | the spontaneous movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. |
| Cell theory | a foundational scientific principle in biology stating that all living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| Cell wall | a tough, protective, and semi-permeable structural layer located immediately outside the plasma membrane in plants, fungi, algae, and most bacteria. |
| Cell membrane | a protective, semipermeable barrier that surrounds every living cell, separating its internal contents from the outside environment. |
| Nucleus | the membrane-enclosed organelle within a eukaryotic cell that stores and protects the cell's genetic material (DNA) and coordinates cellular activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. |
| Organelle | a specialized sub unit within a cell that has a specific job to keep the cell alive. |
| Ribosome | a molecular machine found in all living cells that builds proteins by translating genetic instructions from messenger RNA. |
| Nucleic acid | large biomolecules. |
| Selectively permeable | a barrier that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others. |
| Cytoplasm | gelatinous, semi-fluid material that fills the inside of a cell, enclosed by the cell membrane. |
| Mitochondria | double-membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power a cell's biochemical reactions. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | a continuous network of membrane-enclosed sacs and tubules located within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
| Golgi apparatus | a membrane-bound cell organelle found in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport inside or outside the cell. |
| Chloroplast | a specialized, double-membrane organelle found in plant cells and algal cells that conducts photosynthesis. |
| Lysosome | a membrane-bound, acidic cell organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains acid-dependent hydrolytic digestive enzymes. |
| DNA | master molecule that carries genetic instructions for the growth, development, and functioning of all living organisms. |
| Passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient, without using cellular energy (ATP). |
| Active transport | he movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. |
| Diffusion | the net movement of particles, molecules, or energy from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.. |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells and extracellular material from the same embryonic origin that work together to perform a specific function. |
| Organ | a collection of different types of tissues joined together to perform a specific, vital function in an organism. |
| Organ system | a group of physical organs that work together to perform complex tasks in the body. |
| Endocytosis | an active cellular transport process where a cell engulfs extracellular fluids, macromolecules, or large particles by folding its plasma membrane inward to form an internal vesicle. |
| Exocytosis | an active transport process where a cell moves large molecules and waste out through its cell membrane using energy. |
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