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SOC 360 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How has the definition of family changed over time? | some universals-social ties and resource pooling, child socialization, conduit between individuals and society, interdependence, caregiving, development of health and wellbeing; shift from patriarchal family structure to companionship family |
| How does how a family is defined shape whether you think the family is in decline or thriving? | more narrow definition can result in seeing decreasing birth or marriage rates as evidence of family in decline |
| What is the US census bureau definition of the family? | two or more persons who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption that reside together |
| What did the American family look like generally in the 1700s? 1800s? 1900s? Now? | 1700s-nuclear but unrelated included, economic contributors; 1800s-more romantic love, different family roles, decline in birth rates; 1900s-less extended family, companionate marriage, separate spheres; Now-love, looser definition |
| How long did the 1950s, traditional, two-parent nuclear family last? | didn't really last past the 1950s due to social upheaval and changes in economics |
| What were the unique societal, historical, and economic trends that made the 1950s family possible? | huge postwar economic boom, women were encouraged to leave workforce and patriotic duty to have children, blue-collar jobs could pay family wages, significant government spending-expansion of highways, education, GI bill-subsidized education and housing |
| What were some of the benefits of this type of family? What about drawbacks? | benefit of stability, prosperity and home ownership, but it often wasn't as good as it seemed. Many marriages from that time later ended in divorce |
| Why do we tend to romanticize the 1950s family? | high contrast to the upheaval of the 60s and the wars beforehand; seemed to be a time of stability |
| What are the three patterns in family definitions that Geist et al. identify? How do each of these groups define the family? | inclusionist-most expansive definition, if it feels like fam then is; exclusionist-most traditional, emphasizes heterosexual, married households w/ children; moderate-more expansive definition if people in household tangibly signal commitment |
| What are general demographic trends for fertility rate, marriage, divorce, cohabitation, and cohabitation dissolution? | age at first marriage increasing, but not that much higher than 1800s, divorce rate has plateaued, high expectations to marry, fertility plateau around 1.7 |
| What are general trends for the total fertility rate vs cohort total fertility rate? | total fertility rate-in decline to below replacement rate, cohort-going back up above replacement rate |
| crude birth rate | annual number of live births for every 1,000 people living in a specific geographic area; not always intuitive |
| total fertility rate | only includes women in "reproductive years" see decline due to declining rates of teen childbearing, estimate of the average number of children that women would have in their lifetime if they experienced current birth rates throughout childbearing years |
| cohort fertility rate | average total number of children women in their respective cohorts have by age 44, better measure because it takes into account delayed births |
| two-constraint framework | we should think about constraints to achieving fertility intentions in two different dimensions: financial constraints (money), organizational constraints (time, flexibility, structural barriers); existing policies primarily focus on financial constraints |
| key goals of pro-alignment approach | help individuals align their fertility outcomes with their fertility desires; develop population policies that align with existing population sizes and structures and reflect the growing diversity of contemporary families |
| What is the separate spheres argument? | the cultural doctrine that women were to work at home, while men worked outside of the home for pay |
| What is the private sphere? Is it generally occupied by men or women? | home and social reproduction, generally occupied by women |
| What is the public sphere? Is it generally occupied by men or women? | market and economic reproduction, generally occupied by men |
| Does the separate spheres view apply to women of color and low-income women? Why or why not? | generally it does not, they have long had to work outside the home |
| What is the cult of domesticity? What are its key traits? | also known as cult of true womanhood-women belong in private sphere |
| What is coverture law? | legal doctrine that lasted until the late nineteenth century, under which wives were incorporated into their husband's citizenship |
| key features of the "marriage movement" | seeks to expand the role of govt, schools, and social service agencies in reinstitutionalizing marriage; promotion of state and federal policies focused on relationship skills, parenting, and communication in marriage |
| examples of initiatives promoted by the marriage movement | divorce reform (undoing no-fault divorce and establishing covenant marriage), rejuvenating marriage culture, developing fatherhood initiatives, opposing same-sex marriage |
| marriage as anti-poverty policy and whether its effective | can be helpful at individual level, do not change poverty rates at national level, ignore structural constraints that affect poverty |
| arguments for and against the marriage movement | spending money to promote healthy, strong families seems good; but it largely focused on individual deficits rather than structural constraints, focused only on specific types of families |
| What percentage of Americans see marriage as extremely important? What percentage of unmarried adults do not want to get married? | 70% see as extremely important, only 12% of unmarried adults do not want to get married |
| What are the pathways to family formation and which are most common? | couples live together in cohabiting unions, childbearing no longer confined to marriage, marriage, step-families |
| What percentage of first unions are cohabitations? | 75% |
| Reasons why people enter into cohabitation | allows more individuality and independence, there's more acceptance of alternative paths to family formation, concerns about relationship stability, economic anxieties |
| Cohabitation stability amongst same-sex couples | more stable than opposite-sex cohabiting; usually high education, high income, less likely to have kids, less institutionalized |
| Average length of cohabitation | 12-36 months before ending via breakup or marriage |
| marriage and women's economic independence hypothesis | because women have more economic independence, they are getting married less-which is not true, it does contribute to delays in marriage but doesn't decrease marriage rate |
| how marriage and divorce rates are connected | who gets married influences likelihood of divorce; divorce rates include second or third divorces |
| marriage paradox | individual fears over divorce leads us to hold back in marriages, which makes it so that marriages are more fragile |
| grey divorce over time | divorce rates among people aged 50+ have doubled in last two decades |
| effects of divorce or union dissolution on children and partners | on partners-responsibility overload, single parenting, emotional overload, economic consequences, children-vary by how children were doing prior to divorce but on average do worse, especially at first |
| How do sociologists define sex? What is an example? | perceived biological differences that society typically uses to distinguish males from females; ex: females have breasts |
| How do sociologists define gender? What is an example? | a social position, a set of attributes that are associated with sex identities; ex: women are nurturing |
| What does it mean to do or perform gender? How is gender contextual? | Intentionally or unintentionally we act out gender roles throughout our days, cultural differences change what it means to be different genders |
| What are some examples of doing gender? | taking time to put on makeup and get ready in the morning vs getting out of bed and basically being ready |
| Biological and sociological perspectives on why gender inequality generally exists? | biological-there are essential differences between genders which come from biological differences; sociological- differences institutionalized in cultural norms, laws, and policy |
| What are some individual-level arguments to explain gender inequality in the workplace? | women's preferences and choices impact gender segregation and pay gaps, women and men invest in different forms of human capital suited for different forms of work, women opt out when realize prize of success at work versus at home |
| What are some structural-level arguments to explain gender inequality in the workplace? | statistical taste-based discrimination, gendered organizations, organizational inertia, separate spheres view implies ideal worker is fully devoted to work with no competing demands |
| How has stay-at home motherhood typically been framed in the family literature? What are drawbacks to this approach? | often framed as opposite of paid work, limited choice, anti-feminist; this devalues unpaid work and creates a binary with little diversity |
| What are the recommendations for improving research on stay at home moms? | should study variation in SAHM identity over life course and developmental stage of children, study how agency is relational and structurally embedded |
| What is the definition of the fatherhood bonus/premium? What are some real-life examples of the fatherhood bonus/premium? | Men make more with every child that they have |
| What is the definition of the motherhood penalty? What are some real-life examples of the motherhood penalty? | there are material, financial, social, and job-related costs for each child a woman has; |
| How are men who become fathers generally perceived in the workplace? | fatherhood is a valued characteristic of employers, signaling greater work commitment, stability and deservingness |
| How are women who become mothers generally perceived in the workplace? | mothers may be perceived as a flight risk, more distracted, less deserving |
| work to family versus family to work conflict | work to family-work creates conflict at home with family; family to work-family creates conflict at work |
| are masculine or feminine traits more valued at work? | Masculine traits are more rewarded-assertiveness and independence, but these are particularly valued in men |
| What are the gender specific general trends in who does more housework? Childcare? Paid work? | women in general do more housework, though the gap is narrowing; men still do more paid work and both do childcare work. In general both genders do more work overall |
| What is the cognitive dimension of household labor? | who does the planning and who make sure chores get done |
| Which parents are most likely to take on children's morning routine responsibilities? | mothers tend to carry the routine, even after controlling for work hours and shift type; but whoever has fewer paid work hours and non-day shifts also predicts it |
| How do US fathers today view fatherhood? How do they define what it means to be a good father? | still seen as expected breadwinner but more involved than ever before, desire fully engaged dad-actively engaged with children, nurturing, emotionally connected to children, invested in other household activities |
| What is the definition of conflict work? What are some real-life examples of conflict work? | the effort to manage severe conflict in a way that ensures family functioning, often at the expense of personal needs-particularly those of marginalized or stigmatized groups; ex: educating about mental health, not talking about politics |
| What are the four types of conflict work? | conflict education work, conflict avoidance work, conflict acceptance work, conflict boundary work |
| Generally, do children from sexual- and gender-minority couples do worse, the same, or better than children from heterosexual couples? | Very similar outcomes, though we have a lack of representative data |
| What are 4 components of cognitive dimension of household labor? | anticipate-recognize upcoming need; identify-determine options for fulfilling need; decide-choose among previously identified options; monitor-ensure decision was executed and need sufficiently addressed |
Created by:
pworthen0723