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APUSH Ch. 7 + 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Articles of Confederation | The first U.S. government; weak because it could not directly tax or effectively regulate trade. |
| Shays’ Rebellion | A 1786–1787 farmers’ uprising that exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. |
| Constitutional Convention | The 1787 meeting that created a stronger federal government under the Constitution. |
| Federalists | Supported ratifying the Constitution and creating a stronger national government. |
| Anti-Federalists | Feared centralized power and demanded protections for individual liberties. |
| Federalist Papers | Essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay defending the Constitution. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments, ratified in 1791, protecting individual liberties. |
| Federalism | The division of power between the national government and state governments. |
| Hamilton’s Financial Plan | Strengthened national credit through debt funding, federal assumption of state debts, and a national bank. |
| Assumption of State Debts | Hamilton’s plan for the federal government to take responsibility for state Revolutionary War debts. |
| Bank of the United States | A national bank supported by Hamilton to stabilize finances; Jefferson questioned its constitutionality. |
| Strict vs. Loose Construction | Strict construction limits federal powers to those explicitly stated; loose construction permits implied powers. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | A 1794 protest against a federal whiskey tax; Washington’s response demonstrated federal authority. |
| Neutrality Proclamation | Washington’s 1793 policy keeping the United States out of the war between Britain and France. |
| Jay’s Treaty | The 1795 agreement with Britain that eased tensions but angered critics who thought it favored Britain. |
| Pinckney’s Treaty | The 1795 agreement with Spain granting Americans Mississippi River navigation rights and access to New Orleans. |
| Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans | Federalists favored stronger federal power and commerce; Democratic-Republicans favored agrarianism and stronger states’ rights. |
| XYZ Affair | A 1797–1798 diplomatic crisis in which French intermediaries demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats. |
| Quasi-War | The undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | 1798 laws that restricted some immigrants’ rights and punished certain criticism of the federal government. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | Resolutions arguing that states could challenge federal laws they considered unconstitutional. |
| Election of 1800 | Jefferson defeated Adams; the peaceful transfer of power exposed flaws in the Electoral College. |
| 12th Amendment | Ratified in 1804; required separate Electoral College votes for president and vice president. |
| Judicial Review | The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional, established by Marbury v. Madison in 1803. |
| Louisiana Purchase | Jefferson’s 1803 purchase from France that roughly doubled U.S. territory. |
| Haitian Revolution | A revolution from 1791 to 1804 that ended slavery in Saint-Domingue and established independent Haiti. |
| Gabriel’s Rebellion | A planned 1800 enslaved-person uprising in Virginia that was suppressed before it began. |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Jefferson’s ban on foreign trade intended to pressure Britain and France; it badly hurt the American economy. |
| Non-Intercourse Act | The 1809 law that reopened trade with most countries but continued restrictions on Britain and France. |
| War Hawks | Young Republican congressmen who pushed for war against Britain in 1812. |
| Causes of the War of 1812 | British impressment of American sailors, interference with trade, and frontier conflict involving Native resistance. |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who built a Native confederacy to resist U.S. expansion. |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | The 1811 battle that weakened Tecumseh’s confederacy before the War of 1812. |
| Treaty of Ghent | The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812 and largely restored prewar boundaries. |
| Battle of New Orleans | An American victory in January 1815 that boosted national pride; the peace treaty had already been signed. |
| Hartford Convention | A 1814–1815 meeting where New England Federalists criticized the war; it damaged their party’s reputation. |
| American System | Henry Clay’s plan for economic growth through a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements. |
| Era of Good Feelings | The period under Monroe marked by reduced party conflict and rising nationalism, despite continuing sectional tensions. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | The 1819 case affirming implied federal powers and limiting states’ ability to tax the national bank. |
| Monroe Doctrine | The 1823 policy warning European powers against new colonization or intervention in the Americas. |
| Adams vs. Jefferson | Adams’s Alien and Sedition Acts sparked backlash that helped Jefferson win in 1800; Jefferson later angered Americans with the unpopular Embargo Act. |
| Genêt Affair | Genêt defied the U.S. Proclamation of Neutrality by recruiting American privateers and citizens to fight Great Britain and Spain, ultimately solidifying U.S. neutrality policy and deepening domestic political divisions |
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katdolan