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Biology Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | the basic unit of matter (living and non-living) |
| Compound | a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio |
| Ionic bond | a bond that forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions |
| Covalent bond | a bond where atoms share pairs of electrons |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Hydrogen bond | an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, often oxygen or nitrogen |
| Cohesion | the attraction among molecules of a substance is called |
| Adhesion | the attraction among molecules of different substances |
| NaCl | salt |
| Polar molecules | dissolve in water because of the attraction of the water molecules and the solute molecules is greater than the attraction among the molecules of the solute ex:) sugar and proteins in blood |
| Nonpolar molecules | rarely dissolve in water because they do not have charged regions that are attracted to the polar water molecules...."oil and water don't mix" |
| Solution | a mixture of substances that is the same throughout, it has two parts: the solvent and the solute |
| Solvent | the substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolved another substance |
| Solute | a substance that dissolves in a solvent |
| Acid | a compound that releases a proton, a hydrogen ion H+, when it dissolves in water. An acid increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Base | compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution, therefore the solution has a low concentration of H+ ions |
| Buffer | a compound that can bind to an H+ ion when the H+ concentration gets too high and |
| Carbohydrate | made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; quick energy for cells; some are part of the cell’s structure |
| Lipid | nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol; broken down as a long-term source of energy; make up cell membranes; used to make hormones (chemical messengers). |
| Protein | a group of amino acids and most varied group of carbon-based molecules; Amino Acid; Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms; 12 of the amino acids are made in your body and the rest are obtained through food |
| Nucleic Acid | extremely long carbon based molecules giving detailed instructions for how to build proteins; Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides; Two general types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA |
| Monomer | small molecules of carbon |
| Polymer | when the monomers are linked |
| Reactants | The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| Products | The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| Bond energy | the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms. |
| Endothermic reaction | absorbs more energy than it releases |
| Exothermic reaction | releases more energy than it absorbs |
| Activation energy | The energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
| Catalyst | a substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. |
| Enzymes | catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. |
| Substrates | The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
| Active site | a site on the enzyme that the substrate binds to |
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