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AP Stats Unit 2 Q1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Large group is invited to respond and only those who answer are counted. | Voluntary Response (not random) |
| Population | entire group being studied |
| sample | a subset of the population |
| sample frame | list of individuals from which the sample is drawn |
| a sample is chosen because they are easy to obtain | convenience sampling (not random) |
| a question is worded in a way that will elicit a false answer | response bias (randomly selected) |
| Biased | a sample that is not representative of the entire population |
| individuals who cannot respond differ from the population in ways that affect their response | nonresponse bias |
| when some portion of the population is not sampled or has a smaller representation | under coverage bias |
| undbiased | sampling method that accurately represents the entire population |
| census | sample of the entire population 1. difficult to locate 2. time consuming 3. costly 4. double count or miss people |
| Simple Random Sample (SRS) | a sample where every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
| Stratafied random sample | population is divided into homogeneous groups and then a sample is selected randomly from those groups |
| cluster random sample | population is divided into heterogeneous groups and then random groups are selected and ALL members are sampled |
| Systematic random sample | a sample is chosen by selecting systematically every nth person |
| multistage | combination of all types of random sampling |
| survey | polls designed to ask questions of a small group of people in hopes of learning something about the entire population |
| pilot | test run of a survey |
| observational study | a study where NO change or treatment is assigned |
| experiment | a study in which an investigator imposes a change or treatment to a group to show cause and effect |
| 4 principles of experimental design | 1. Comparison: compare 2+ treatments (sometimes a control group) to determine effectiveness 2. Control: control all variables except what is being tested 3. Randomize: random assignments help reduce bias 4. replicate: multiple times or large sample |
| Blinding | a way to hide the treatment that is being tested |
| single blind | when participants don't know if they are in the control group or not |
| double blind | when the participants and the assigner both don't know who is in the control group or the treatment group |
| placebo | fake treatment that should not have an effect on the sibjects |
| placebo effect | assigned a fake treatment and get real results |
| lurking variables | a variable with an important effect on the relations of the variables but is not a variable being studied (randomization helps limit these) |
| confounding variables | variables whose effect on the response variable cannot be distinguished from one or more of the explanatory variables in the study (blinding helps eliminate these) |
Created by:
nylaarmbruster28