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Stack #4733483
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nature-nurture issue | The debate over how much behavior is influenced by genetics (nature) versus environment and experiences (nurture). |
| Natural selection | The process in which organisms with beneficial inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
| Evolutionary psychology | The study of how natural selection has shaped behavior and mental processes. |
| Behavior genetics | The study of how genes and environment influence behavioral differences. |
| Mutation | A random change in DNA that can introduce new genetic variations. |
| Environment | All external influences and experiences that affect a person. |
| Heredity | The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring. |
| Genes | Segments of DNA that contain instructions influencing inherited traits. |
| Genome | An organism's complete set of genetic material. |
| Identical twins | Twins who develop from one fertilized egg and share nearly all their DNA. |
| Fraternal twins | Twins who develop from two separate eggs and share about 50% of their segregating genes on average. |
| Interaction | The way genetic and environmental influences work together to affect behavior. |
| Epigenetics | The study of how environmental factors affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. |
| Nervous system | The body's network that receives information and coordinates responses. |
| CNS | The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. |
| PNS | The peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. |
| Nerves | Bundles of axons that carry information through the peripheral nervous system. |
| Sensory neurons | Neurons that carry information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system. |
| Motor neurons | Neurons that carry commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. |
| Interneurons | Neurons within the central nervous system that process information and connect neurons. |
| Somatic nervous system | The division of the PNS responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle movement and sensory information. |
| ANS | The autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | The division of the ANS that prepares the body for action during stress or danger. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | The division of the ANS that calms the body and supports rest and digestion. |
| Reflex | A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus. |
| Neurons | Nerve cells that receive, process, and transmit information. |
| Cell body | The part of a neuron containing the nucleus that maintains the cell. |
| Dendrites | Branchlike extensions that receive signals from other neurons. |
| Axon | The long extension that carries neural impulses away from the cell body. |
| Myelin sheath | A fatty insulating layer around some axons that speeds neural impulse transmission. |
| Glial cells | Cells that support, protect, nourish, and insulate neurons. |
| Action potential | A brief electrical impulse that travels down a neuron's axon. |
| Threshold | The minimum level of stimulation needed to trigger an action potential. |
| Refractory period | The brief period after an action potential when a neuron cannot fire again or requires stronger stimulation. |
| All or none response | The principle that an action potential either occurs fully when threshold is reached or does not occur. |
| Synapse | The junction or tiny gap through which one neuron communicates with another cell. |
| Neurotransmitter | A chemical messenger released by a neuron that influences another cell. |
| Reuptake | The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the releasing neuron. |
| Endorphins | Naturally produced chemicals that reduce pain and can produce feelings of pleasure. |
| Agonist | A substance that mimics a neurotransmitter or increases its effects. |
| Antagonist | A substance that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects. |
| Endocrine system | The body's system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands that influence bodily functions and behavior. |
| Psychoactive drug | A substance that changes brain activity and affects perception, mood, consciousness, or behavior. |
| Substance use disorder | A problematic pattern of substance use that causes significant impairment or distress. |
| Depressant | A substance that slows central nervous system activity. |
| Tolerance | A reduced response to a drug after repeated use, often requiring more to achieve the same effect. |
| Addiction | A condition involving compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences. |
| Withdrawal | Physical or psychological symptoms that occur when reducing or stopping a substance after dependence develops. |
| Barbiturates | Depressant drugs that slow neural activity and can cause relaxation or sleep. |
| Opioids | Drugs that reduce pain by acting on opioid receptors and can cause dependence and respiratory depression. |
| Stimulants | Substances that increase central nervous system activity, alertness, or energy. |
| Hallucinogens | Substances that alter perception and can produce sensory distortions. |
| Biopsychosocial approach | An approach that explains behavior through biological, psychological, and social factors. |
| Levels of analysis | Different perspectives used to examine behavior, from biological processes to individual thoughts and social influences. |
| Neuroplasticity | The brain's ability to change its structure and functioning through experience, learning, or injury. |
| Lesion | Damage to brain tissue or another area of the nervous system. |
| EEG | Electroencephalogram; a method that records electrical activity in the brain using scalp electrodes. |
| MEG | Magnetoencephalography; a method that measures magnetic fields produced by brain activity. |
| CT | Computed tomography; a technique that combines X-ray images to create cross-sectional views of brain structures. |
| PET | Positron emission tomography; a technique that uses a radioactive tracer to measure metabolic activity or other biological processes. |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging; a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of brain structures. |
| fMRI | Functional magnetic resonance imaging; a technique that estimates brain activity by measuring changes in blood oxygenation and flow. |
| Hindbrain | The lower brain region containing structures involved in vital functions, movement, and coordination. |
| Midbrain | A brain region involved in movement, alertness, and processing visual and auditory information. |
| Forebrain | The largest brain division, involved in complex thought, emotion, sensory processing, and motivation. |
| Brainstem | The structure connecting the brain to the spinal cord that regulates essential functions and alertness. |
| Medulla | A brainstem structure that controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. |
| Thalamus | A structure that relays most sensory information, except smell, to the cerebral cortex. |
| Reticular formation | A network of neurons involved in alertness, arousal, and attention. |
| Cerebellum | A brain structure important for balance, coordination, posture, and motor learning. |
| Limbic system | A group of interconnected structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory. |
| Amygdala | A structure involved in processing emotions, especially fear and threat, and emotional learning. |
| Hypothalamus | A structure that helps regulate hunger, thirst, body temperature, hormones, and other basic drives. |
| Hippocampus | A structure essential for forming new explicit memories. |
| Cerebral cortex | The brain's outer layer, responsible for complex functions such as perception, language, reasoning, and conscious thought. |
| Frontal lobes | Brain lobes involved in planning, decision-making, personality, speech production, and voluntary movement. |
| Parietal lobes | Brain lobes involved in processing bodily sensations and spatial information. |
| Occipital lobe | The brain lobe primarily responsible for processing visual information. |
| Temporal lobes | Brain lobes involved in hearing, language comprehension, and aspects of memory. |
| Motor cortex | The area of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements. |
| Somatosensory cortex | The area of the parietal lobe that processes bodily sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. |
| Association areas | Cortical regions that integrate information and support complex functions such as learning, memory, language, and reasoning. |
| Neurogenesis | The formation of new neurons. |
| Corpus callosum | A thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain's left and right cerebral hemispheres. |
| Split brain | A condition in which communication between the brain's two hemispheres is greatly reduced, often because the corpus callosum was surgically severed. |
Created by:
ghaven27