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unit 2 (cells)
cells-Life science.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| species | a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring |
| genus | the level of classification that comes after family and that contains similar species |
| domain | in a taxonomic system one of the three broad groups that all living things fall into |
| Bacteria | a domain made up of prokaryotes that usually have a cell wall and that usually reproduce by cell division |
| Archaea | a domain made up of prokaryotes most of which are known to live in extreme environments that are distinguished from other prokaryotes by differences in their genetics and in the makeup of their cell wall |
| Eukarya | n a modern taxonomic system, a domain made up of all eukaryotes; this domain aligns with the traditional kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia |
| Protista | a kingdom of mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms that are different from plants, animals, and fungi |
| Fungi | a kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients |
| Plantae | a kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move around, and use the sun’s energy to make sugar by photosynthesis |
| Animalia | a kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move around, and quickly respond to their environment |
| cell | in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm |
| organism | a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently |
| cell membrane | a phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment |
| cytoplasm | the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus |
| organelle | one of the small bodies in a cell’s cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function |
| nucleus | in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction |
| prokaryote | a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria |
| eukaryote | an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria |
| atom | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element |
| molecule | a group of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds; a molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that can exist by itself and retain all of the substance’s chemical properties |
| lipid | a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, and steroids |
| protein | a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body |
| carbohydrate | a class of molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| nucleic acid | a molecule made up of nucleotide subunits that carries information in cells |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| cytoskeleton | the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division |
| ribosome | a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membranes that is found in a cell’s cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
| Golgi complex | a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell |
| cell wall | a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell |
| vacuole | a fluid-filled vesicle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells or protozoans |
| chloroplast | chloroplast |
| lysosome | a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| organism | a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform body functions |
| structure | the arrangement of parts in an organism |
| function | the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food |
| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| passive transport | passive transport the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane |
| active transport | the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy |
| endocytosis | the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
| exocytosis | the process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane |
Created by:
Thomas Slider