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AP psy 3.7-3.8-3.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | Involves learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus, which then triggers a specific response. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that will almost always cause an organism to respond in a specific way. |
| Unconditioned Response | A response that will almost always result from the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | An originally neutral stimulus that is paired up enough with the original unconditioned stimulus that it too will allow for the same response. |
| Conditioned Response | The response one has, after conditioning has taken place, to the conditioned stimulus alone. |
| Acquisition | The process of learning the association between stimuli. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed without exposure to the conditoned stimulus. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to each one. |
| Stimulus Generalization | Occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus, even if they are not identical. |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | Involves using an established conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a new neural stimulus. |
| Forward Conditioning | When the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Habituation | A decrease in an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus. Results in a decrease in responsiveness. |
| Sensitization | The increased reaction to a stimulus after repeated exposure. Results in an increase in responsiveness. |
| Taste Aversion | A learned response that occurs when a person or animal associates a taste with a negative experience, such as eating spoiled food or becoming ill. |
| Sight Illness | A conditioned aversion or avoidance response related to visual stimuli associated with a negative experience. |
| Desensitization Theory | A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about something. |
| Operant Conditioning | Shapes behavior through consequences. It uses reinforcement to increase desired actions and punishment to decrease unwanted ones. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Removes an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Positive Punishment | Introduces an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Negative Punishment | Removes a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Over-Justification Effect | Occurs when an external reward reduces a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task they previously enjoyed. |
| Reinforcement Discrimination | Occurs when an organism learns to respond only to specific stimuli. |
| Reinforcement Generalization | Happens when an organism responds to stimuli similar to the original reinforced stimulus. |
| Avoidance Training | When one continues a particular behavior after having been punished, but now do the poor behavior in a different way in order to not get caught again. |
| Shaping | Gradually molds behavior by rewarding successive approximations of the desired outcome |
| Instinctive Drift | Demonstrates that only behaviors within an animal's natural repertoire can be shaped through reinforcement. |
| Superstitious Behavior | Develops when unrelated behaviors are accidentally reinforced. |
| Learned Helplessness | Arises when an organism learns it has no control over aversive consequences in a situation. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Schedules that provide reinforcement for every correct behavior. |
| Partial Reinforcement | Schedules that deliver reinforcement intermittently based on time or number of behaviors. Results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Law of Effect | If behavior is followed by a positive effect, you will stamp it again and do it again. If it is followed by a negative effect, you will stamp it out and not do it again. |
| Social Learning Theory | Explores how we learn by observing others. It explains how we pick up behaviors by watching, and how the consequences others face influence our choices. |
| Vicarious Conditioning | Involves learning through observing the consequences of others' actions. Consequences witnessed shape the likelihood of imitating the observed behavior. |
| Insight Learning | Involves suddenly arriving at a solution to a problem through cognitive restructuring rather than gradual associations or trial-and-error. |
| Latent Learning | Refers to acquiring knowledge without obvious reinforcement or immediate demonstration of what has been learned. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | The desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Behaving in ways that gain external rewards or avoid punishment. |
| Problem-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. |
| External Locus of Control | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. |
| Internal Locus of Control | The perception that we control our own fate. |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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