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AP psy 3.5 - 3.6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phonemes | The smallest units of sound in a language that distinguish one word from another |
| Morphemes | The smallest units of meaning in a language, including roots, prefixes, and suffixes |
| Semantics | The aspect of language concerned with meaning, including how words, phrases, and sentences convey ideas and concepts. |
| One-Word Stage | A stage in language development, around 12-18 months, when children communicate using single words to represent entire thoughts or requests. |
| Telegraphic Speech | Early speech stage where children use short, simple sentences with essential content words, omitting smaller or less critical words. |
| Holophrases | Single words used by children to express entire ideas or sentences, relying on context and tone for meaning. |
| Overextension | A language error where a child applies a word too broadly to objects or concepts. |
| Underextension | A language error where a child applies a word too narrowly, using it only for specific items or contexts. |
| Overregularization | A grammatical error where children apply regular language rules to irregular words. |
| Ecological Systems Theory | Explores how an individual's social environment shapes their development through five interconnected systems. |
| Microsystem | Consists of groups that directly interact with the individual: family, friends, and teachers. |
| Mesosystem | Encompasses the relationships and interactions between the various groups in the microsystem: parent-teacher communication and peer group dynamics. |
| Exosystem | Includes indirect factors that still impact the individual's life: parent's workplace and local government policies. |
| Macrosystem | Represents the broader cultural context that affects the individual and those around them: societal values and economic conditions. |
| Chronosystem | Considers the individual's current life stage and how historical events shape their development: growing up during a recession and experiencing a major world event. |
| Authoritarian Parenting | Characterized by strict rules, limited warmth, and high expectations of obedience. |
| Authoritative Parenting | Balances clear boundaries with emotional responsiveness and encouragement of independence. |
| Permissive Parenting | Involves few rules, high warmth, and minimal expectations for behavior. |
| Uninvolved Parenting | Characterized by low responsiveness and low demands. Parents provide little support and may be neglectful of their child’s needs. |
| Secure Attachment | Develops when caregivers consistently respond to a child's needs, fostering a sense of safety and trust. |
| Insecure Attachment | Occurs when caregivers are inconsistent, unresponsive, or frightening, leading to three subtypes. |
| Avoidant Attachment | Child appears indifferent to caregiver's presence or absence. |
| Anxious Attachment | Child becomes highly distressed when separated from caregiver and difficult to soothe. |
| Disorganized Attachment | Child displays contradictory behaviors, often due to a history of abuse or neglect. |
| Temperament | Innate personality traits that can influence how easily a child forms secure attachments. |
| Separation Anxiety | A normal developmental stage that peaks between 8-18 months as children fear being away from caregivers or around strangers. |
| Parallel Play | Playing alongside peers without interaction; common in toddlers but gradually shifts to cooperative play. |
| Pretend Play | Emerges in preschool years; allowing children to explore social roles and develop perspective-taking skills. |
| Adolescent Egocentrism | Manifests as the imaginary audience, a belief that one is constantly being observed a judged, and the personal fable, the belief in one's own uniqueness and invincibility. |
| Erikson's Stage Theory | Proposes that individuals navigate psychosocial conflicts at each stage of life. |
| Social Clock | The culturally preferred timing of major life events such as marriage, having children, and retirement. |
| Primary Aging | Universal, normal changes that occur through time.c |
| Secondary Aging | Changes that are caused by disease and environment. |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences | Events including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction that can have lasting impacts on relationships. |
| Identity Achievement | Occurs when adolescents actively explore options and commit to a sense of self. |
| Identity Diffusion | Involves a lack of exploration and commitment, leading to a poorly defined sense of self. |
| Identity Foreclosure | Happens when adolescents prematurely commit to an identity without exploration, often based on parental expectations. |
| Identity Moratorium | A period of active exploration without commitment, allowing for experimentation with different roles and values. |
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