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HA Unit 2 Topic 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Axial skeleton | Bones that lie on the longitudinal axis of the body. Examples: Skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax (sternum and ribs) |
| Auditory ossicles | Tiny bones of the inner ear that are part of the axial skeleton |
| Five bone types | Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid |
| Long bone | Bone with greater length than width. Examples: Femur |
| Short bone | Bone nearly equal in length and width. Examples: Carpals |
| Flat bone | Bone that is flat and thin. Examples: Cranial bones (frontal), sternum |
| Irregular bone | Bone with a complex shape. Examples: Vertebrae, calcaneus |
| Sesamoid bone | Bone shaped like a sesame seed. Examples: Patella |
| Sutural bone | Small extra bone found within the sutures of the skull |
| Two major surface markings on bones | Depressions and processes |
| Depressions | Surface markings that allow nerves, vessels, or tendons to pass through bones. Examples: Foramen, fossa |
| Foramen | A hole in a bone (a type of depression) |
| Fossa | An indent in a bone (a type of depression) |
| Processes | Surface markings that help form joints or serve as points for ligament (muscle) attachment. Examples: Condyle, facet, crest, trochanter, tuberosity |
| Skull | 22 bones grouped into two categories: cranial (8 bones) and facial (14 bones) |
| Cranial bones | 8 bones that encase the brain. Examples: Frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| Frontal bone | Cranial bone forming the forehead (1 bone) |
| Parietal bones | Cranial bones forming the top and upper sides of the skull (2 bones, L/R) |
| Temporal bones | Cranial bones forming the lower sides of the skull around the ears (2 bones, L/R) |
| Occipital bone | Cranial bone forming the back and base of the skull (1 bone) |
| Sphenoid bone | Butterfly-shaped cranial bone at the base of the skull behind the eyes (1 bone) |
| Ethmoid bone | Cranial bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavity (1 bone) |
| Calvarium | Skullcap; the top of the cranium. Examples: Frontal, parietal, and occipital bones |
| Cranial base | Floor of the cranium. Examples: Frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, ethmoid bones |
| Foramen magnum | Large hole in the occipital bone where the spinal cord passes through |
| Facial bones | 14 bones of the face. Examples: 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic bones, mandible, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer |
| Nasal bones | Facial bones that form the bridge of the nose (2 bones) |
| Maxillae | Facial bones that form the upper jaw (2 bones) |
| Zygomatic bones | Facial bones that form the cheekbones (2 bones) |
| Mandible | Lower jaw bone; the only movable bone of the skull (1 bone) |
| Lacrimal bones | Small facial bones in the inner wall of the eye sockets (2 bones) |
| Palatine bones | Facial bones that form the back of the hard palate (2 bones) |
| Inferior nasal conchae | Curved facial bones on the side walls of the nasal cavity (2 bones) |
| Vomer | Facial bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum (1 bone) |
| Skull growth | Bones of the skull continue to grow until about age 14; space between the sutures allows for growth |
| Fontanels | Soft spots in a baby's skull where ossification of the bone has not occurred; babies have two |
| Posterior fontanel | Soft spot at the back of a baby's skull; closes around 2-3 months |
| Anterior fontanel | Soft spot at the top front of a baby's skull; closes around 12-14 months |
| Sutures | Immovable joints that hold the skull bones (except the mandible) together; begin to form 10-16 weeks after birth, and solid bone is formed around age 20 |
| Coronal suture | Suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones |
| Sagittal suture | Suture between the two parietal bones along the top of the skull |
| Lambdoid suture | Suture between the parietal bones and the occipital bone |
| Squamous suture | Suture between the parietal bone and the temporal bone on the side of the skull |
| Metopic suture | Suture down the middle of the frontal bone in babies |
| Hyoid bone | Bone that is unique because it doesn't articulate with any other bone; suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles; helps support and anchor the tongue and its muscles |
| Styloid processes | Processes of the temporal bones that the hyoid is suspended from |
| Vertebral column | AKA the spine; made of bone and connective tissue; surrounds and protects the spinal cord; adult spine has 26 vertebrae |
| Vertebrae in the adult spine | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx (26 total) |
| Intervertebral disc | Fibrocartilage between each vertebra that helps form strong joints and absorb shock |
| Vertebrae appearance | Vertebrae look different depending on the area of the spine |
| Cervical vertebrae | 7 small vertebrae of the neck that support the weight of the head and are flexible to allow a wide range of head movement; the first two (C1 and C2) are unique |
| Atlas | C1; has no body, articulates with the cranium, and has large transverse processes; allows nodding of the head |
| Axis | C2; has a peg-like structure called the dens; allows rotation of the head |
| Dens | Peg-like structure on the axis (C2) that the atlas rotates around |
| Thoracic vertebrae | 12 vertebrae of the chest that are larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae and articulate with the ribs |
| Lumbar vertebrae | 5 vertebrae of the lower back; the largest and strongest vertebrae and support the most body weight |
| Sacrum | Bone formed when 5 sacral vertebrae fuse; forms a strong base for the vertebral column |
| Coccyx | Tailbone; forms when about 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse |
| Body of vertebra | Large, round, weight-bearing front part of a vertebra |
| Spinous process | Process that sticks out from the back of a vertebra |
| Transverse process | Process that sticks out from each side of a vertebra |
| Lamina | Flat plate of bone connecting the spinous process to the transverse process |
| Pedicle | Short bony part connecting the vertebral body to the transverse process |
| Articular processes | Processes (superior and inferior) where a vertebra joins the vertebrae above and below it |
| Articular facet | Smooth surface on a vertebra where it forms a joint with another bone. Examples: Facets for ribs on thoracic vertebrae |
| Spinal canal | Opening in a vertebra that the spinal cord passes through |
| Transverse foramen | Hole in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae that blood vessels pass through |
| Four normal curves of the adult spine | Cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral kyphosis |
| Lordosis | Spinal curve that curves anteriorly. Examples: Cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis |
| Kyphosis | Spinal curve that curves posteriorly. Examples: Thoracic kyphosis, sacral kyphosis |
| Scoliosis | Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; varies from mild to extreme; typically occurs during growth spurts in adolescence just prior to puberty |
| Indicators of scoliosis | Uneven shoulders, one shoulder blade more prominent than the other, uneven waist, one hip higher than the other |
| Scoliosis treatment options | Implantation of Harrington rods, chiropractic manipulations, yoga and Pilates, acupuncture, massage |
| Harrington rods | Metal rods surgically implanted along the spine to treat scoliosis |
| Thoracic cage | Structure made of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae |
| Three parts of the sternum | Manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
| Manubrium | Top part of the sternum; articulates with the clavicle |
| Body of sternum | Middle part of the sternum; articulates with the ribs |
| Xiphoid process | Small bottom tip of the sternum |
| Ribs | 12 pairs of bones that support the thoracic cavity |
| True ribs | Rib pairs 1-7; articulate directly with the sternum (vertebrosternal ribs) |
| False ribs | Rib pairs 8-10; don't articulate with the sternum, but attach by cartilage to each other and to rib pair 7 (vertebrochondral ribs) |
| Floating ribs | Rib pairs 11-12; only attach posteriorly to T11 and T12 (vertebral ribs) |
| Costal cartilage | Cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum |
Created by:
khondakerr