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unit 2 bio test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryote vs. eukaryote cells | pro- simple structure, ex. bacteria + archaea euk- complex structure wt membrane bound organelle, ex animals/plants |
| both types of cells contain genetic material such as _____, ______, and _______ | ribosomes, cytosol, and plasma membrane |
| where is DNA located in prokaryote cells? | the nucleoid region; the center of the cell |
| what are plasmids? | extra genetic material outside of the chromosome |
| where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells? | in linear chromosomes that are contained in the membrane-bound nucleus |
| function of ribosomes + made of what? + in which cells? | - protein synthesis - made of proteins + rRNA - in both cells |
| ribosomes assemble _____ and turn them into _______ chains | - amino acids - polypeptide |
| where are ribosomes found where? | in rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| function of rough ER? | has ribosomes bound to its membrane and makes protein (only in eukaryotic cells) |
| function of smooth ER? | (does *not have ribosomes) - synthesizes lipids + detoxifies the cell from harmful substances (only in eukaryotic cells) |
| function of golgi body + contains what? + in which cells? | - controls, modifies, packages proteins for transport - contains enzymes - both cells |
| after proteins are made by _____ in the rough er, they are sent to the _____ to be packaged and finished, then they are sent throughout the cell | - ribosomes - golgi body |
| function of lysosomes + contains what? + in which cells? | - sacs that help digest, break down parts, do apoptosis, and destroy bacteria/viruses - hydrolytic enzymes - animal cells only |
| function of vacuole + contains what? + in which cells? | - stores food/water, regulates water, stores waste until it can be removed - provide plant wt turgor pressure + support - in both cells |
| function of mitochondria | makes energy/ATP for cell |
| what is the matrix? | an enzyme fluid in the the center of the mitochondria |
| what is the purpose of the mitochondria's double membrane structure? | double membrane allows a proton gradient which is necessary for ATP production |
| the folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria _____ the surface area and therefore allow for _______ | - increase - energy production during cellular respiration |
| function of chloroplasts + contains what? + in which cells? | - photosynthesis - in plant cells only (+some algae) |
| what is the stroma? | liquid inside the chloroplast that surrounds the grana |
| what are thylakoids? | membrane sacs in the chloroplasts that function in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (chloroplast is double membraned) |
| what is the centrosome? | helps microtubules assemble into spindle fibers for cell division - in animal cells only |
| what is peroxisome? | - in both cells - oxidizes molecules + breaks down toxins |
| what are cytoskeleton fibers? | give cells their shape + help move things in cell |
| what are amyloplasts? | - starch molecules that store excess glucose produced by photosynthesis - found in starchy veggies (potatoes) |
| endosymbiosis hypothesis believes that smaller membrane-bound prokaryotes were _____ by larger prokaryotes in order to evolve into ______ such as the mitochondria + chloroplasts | - engulfed/absorbed - membrane -bound organelles |
| the similarities between which 2 organelles help prove endosymbiosis hypothesis? | chloroplasts + mitochondria - their circular DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA, their ribosomes are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes, + they reproduce wt binary fission |
| what's the purpose of compartmentalization? | the cells separate into diff metabolic processes in order to minimize enzymes from cross-reacting which would make the cell's process less efficient + difficult to regulate |
| what is the relationship between a cell's surface area and its efficiency in completing tasks? | the larger the cell's surface area, the more efficient it is |
| larger cells have ____ (high/low) surface area so are _____ (more/less) efficient. so it is more beneficial for cells to be ______ | - low - less - small |
| what is one way to increase the surface area to volume ratio? | by folding membranes (ex. double membraned mitochondria which folds to create bigger surface area) |
| what is the relationship between radius and surface area? | as ratio increases, surface area decreases |
| purpose of plasma membrane? | - allows cells to maintain internal environment wt its selective permeability (only allows some materials to cross membrane) |
| the plasma membrane is made of a ______ of phospholipids which has a ______ (hydrophillic/hydrophobic) head, and (hydrophillic/hydrophobic) _______ tails | - bilayer - hydrophilic head - hydrophobic tails |
| what must larger polar molecules use in order to cross across cell membrane? | membrane channels or transport proteins |
| what are aquaporins? | allow for passage of water in and out of cell |
| which cells have a cell wall outside its cell membrane? | plant/prokaryotic cells |
| high to low concentration is ________ and it moves molecules _____ the concentration gradient | - passive transport - down |
| is diffusion passive or active? | passive (mvmt down concentration gradient) |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport that uses membrane protein |
| low to high concentration is _______ and it moves molecules _____ the concentration gradient | - active transport - against |
| Na+ and K+ pump is active or passive transportation? explain | - active - requires ATP to pump Na (sodium) from low to high areas + K (potassium) from low to high areas |
| endo/exocytosis are examples of passive or actiive transport? | - active transport |
| endocytosis | take in water + macromolcules by folding them into vesicles |
| exocytosis | molecules that need to be removed (exitted) fuse with plasma membrane in order to be expelled from the cell |
| a ____ solution, has a lower concentration of solute | hypotonic (high concentration enters its low concentration and makes it expand) |
| a ______ solution, has a higher concentration of solute | hypertonic (high concentration inside leaves towards lower concentration making it shrink) |
| what is an isotonic solution? | has the same concentration of solute as the concentration of another solute |
| the more water there is in a solution, the _______ (higher/lower) the water potential will be | higher |
| water flows from areas of _____ water potential to _______ water potential | high water potential to low water potential |
| what is the equation to solve water potential? | W.P = trident S + trident P |
| what is osmolarity? | the total concentration of solutes in a solution |
| if theres too much water in a cell, that could increase the pressure potential and cause cell to burst | |
| what is the purpose of the contractile vacuole? | stores excess water entering the cell and pumps out of cell |
| is osmosis passive or actice? | passive |
| water moves from ____ solute to _____ solute | less to more solutek |
| i= C= R= T= | i= # of particles C= molar concentration R= (0.081) T= temp (273 +C) |
| water moves from _____ to _____ pressure | high to low pressure |
| facilitated diffusion use transport proteins to help substances cross such as aquaphorins which ______ and glucose transport proteins which ____ | aquaphorins: channel protein that allows water to go thru glucoslkdfjkfj carrier protein |
| what is cotransport | membrane proteins enable downhill diffusion of solute to drive uphill transport of another |
| osmoregulation | controls solute + water balance |
| phagocytosis | cellular eating/elgulfing |
| pinocytosis | cellular drinking |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | ligands bind to receptors on cells surface |
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sazzyusername