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Flow direction etc.
DMSI 135
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are additional names for dynamic range and what is it? | Compression and contrast. Range of grays you have available in the image. |
| What is long scale and what is short scale? | Long scale: lots of grays, low contrast. Short scale :fewer grays with higher contrast. |
| What is write zoom? | isolation of an area while live scanning and devoting all of the power in the original image to the zoomed image. Good resolution |
| What is read zoom? | only zooming original area- making pixels bigger. Less resolution |
| Which is better write zoom or read zoom and why? | Write zoom because it has good resolution. Read zoom just enlarges the pixels while lowering the resolution. |
| What is Doppler pertaining to sonography? | The measurement of the movement of blood cells. |
| What do we measure in Doppler and what is the “difference?” | What we measure is actually the difference in the frequency sent out and what we get back (shift). The difference is usually in the 20- 20,000 Hz range, which is audible. |
| True or false: shift is proportional to blood flow. | True |
| What does color Doppler show us? | The movement of blood cells |
| What is pulse wave? | Precise location that cannot pick up high velocities. Only measures velocity at a single point at the sample gate. |
| What is continuous wave? | A large area that can pick up high velocities |
| Describe the color bar. | The color/ arrow on top (usually red) is going towards the transducer while the color/arrow on the bottom,( usually blue) is going away from the transducer. |
| What is the color scale setting? | The number above and below the color bar. |
| What is the setting for average flow in CM/S | Color scale setting |
| What should you do if color gain bleeds outside of a vessel? | Turn down the gain until it stops bleeding. |
| What does the color bar display ? | Average velocity |
| If the average velocity of the blood is greatly ___, there will be ___ | Higher, aliasing |
| If the average velocity is ____, there will be no ___ ___. | Lower, fill in |
| Scale too low | Aliasing/ mosaic |
| Scale too high | Not picking up flower flow |
| True or false – pulse waived Doppler is good for stenosis | False – pulse wave Doppler is not good for stenosis because they cannot measure extremely high velocity |
| What must be used for stenosis, velocities, and regurgitation | Continuous wave |
| What is Doppler game and how can you tell it is correct | Gained for the Doppler wave form; black background, increase gain from left to right |
| What must you recognize to determine the pressure gradient for pulmonary regurgitation? | Know that it occurs in diastole, and that the end diastolic velocity is different than an pulsatile arterial flow |
| What PRF adjustments can improve the Doppler waveform. | Increasing the scale will help eliminate aliasing in some cases. Doing so may also require baseline adjustment. |
| What is important about the baseline adjustment control? | This control should be positioned to optimize the entire Doppler signal as large as possible, and can be used along with the Doppler scale control to eliminate aliasing. |
| Swap speed is the ____ at which Doppler movements are recorded on the ____. | Rate, waveform |
| What should the default sweep speed be set to and how many spectral Doppler beats should be demonstrated across each sweep | 100 mm/sec, 2-3 beats |
| If the sweep speed is slower, there will be____beats displayed , or faster for ____beats. | More, less |
| Choosing the best grayscale map ensures a _____ ____ | Crisp image |
| Which B color is most commonly used in echo | Sepia |
| What is sample volume? | The area that the sample is being taken from. (not too big, not too small, just right). |
| What areas of the heart in Plax do we M mode? | Left ventricle, mitral valve, aortic valve |
| What is color used to evaluate? | Segments, not the whole heart at one time |
| In Plax, what is color used to accentuate? | The aorta mitral valve and left ventricle |
| In plax, what clips do we acquire with color? | Aorta, mitral valve, left ventricle to include the septum, LVOT |
| The right ventricle RVOT measured in PLAX | End diastole |
| Where do we measure RVOT? | At the septal aortic junction |
| How do you measure LVOT in PLAX | Zoomed, inner edge to inner edge, mid systole, parallel and adjacent to AV, 3-10 mm before the hinge |
| What is a trick for measuring the aorta | If you are in systole, your measurement will be before the aortic valve, if you are in diastole, your measurement will be after the aortic valve |
| How do you measure the aortic annular diameter a.k.a. annuals | Inner edge to inner edge, at the hinge points in mid systole |
| The left atrium is measured at __ ____ using a ____ to ____ method | And Sicily, leading edge to leading edge |
| Where do you measure the left atrium? | At the level of the sinus of Valsalva, extend to the leading edge of the posterior left atrium wall perpendicular to the assumed a long axis of the atrial chamber |
| During end tide, the left ventricle is at its_____ | Fullest (before dumping its load) |
| When is left ventricle wall thickness in chamber dimension measured | End diastole (immediately after the mitral leaflet closure) |
| When should the left ventricular systolic dimension be obtained? | At the smallest cavity dimension, initial early diastolic opening of the mitral valve just distal to the mitral valve leaflet tips |
| What is the normal range for the IVS measured from the PLAX | 6–9 mm female 6–10 mm male |
| How to take the three measurements of the aortic root | Zoomed, leading edge to leading edge, end diastole |
| What is the normal range for the sinus of Valsalva? | For female 20mm +/- 3 for males 29mm +/- 3mm |
| What is the normal range for the STJ? | For females 26mm +/-3mm for males 29mm +/-3mm |
| What is a normal range for the ascending aorta | Female 26mm +/-3 male 29mm +/- 3mm |
| True or false – all valves are interrogated using both Doppler forms of waveforms and color Doppler | true |
| True or false – all valves should be evaluated in only one window | False – all valve should be evaluated in more than one window |
| True or false – you should always measure using a trace VTI when using PW for velocities | False – you should always measure using a trace of VTI when using CW for velocities |
| Which way is the flow going in RV IT PW Doppler flow being recorded | The flow is going up towards the transducer and being recorded above the baseline |
| In RVIT PW Doppler, the first peak is ___, which means ____ | “E” early rapid filling |
| In RVIT PW Doppler, the second peak is ___, which means ____ | “A” atrial kick |
| True or false CW is used for all regurgitation | True because CW covers a larger area of the velocity |
| Regurgitation is going ____ toward the ____ of the screen | Down, bottom |
| In RVIT CW Doppler flow is represented _____(above/below ) the baseline | Below the baseline because flow is going away or down |
| What does VTI stand for and what does it mean? | Velocity time integral, tracing your wave form |
| What views can the tricuspid valve be seen in? | RVIT, short axis, subcostal short view, Apical4 |
| What is another word for regurgitation? | Insufficiency |
| For pulmonic RVOT, what is a must later for stroke volume calculations | VTI |
| What is CW Doppler on the TR used to measure? | The difference in pressure from the right ventricle and right atrium |
| What does a shorten RVOT acceleration time strongly suggest? | Elevated pulmonary artery systolic and mean pressure |
| RVOT VTI is a PW Doppler-derived measure of the what | Right ventricular stroke volume |
| True or false the contour of the RVOTVTI Doppler profile changes from parabolic to triangle with advancing PVD and elevated PVR | True |
| Is PR better obtained in the PLAX or PSAX | Answer: PSAX, but if it is not well attainable, PLAX |
| Which way is flow for pulmonary regurgitation going | Up toward the top of the screen above the baseline |
| Know the gray scale clips slide 97 | |
| What are the five clips you color in PSAX | A narrow sector view of the right atrium tricuspid valve RV, inflow, aortic valve, zoomed view, narrow sector view RVOT PV PA, mitral valve leaflet level, sweep from MV through popular muscles to LV Apex |
| Know slide 106 for RVOT and PA measurements | |
| Where should all Doppler completed from the long axis also be completed in | Short axis |
| Which is the best view for flow of regurgitation on the tricuspid valve | Apical 4 is king |
Created by:
Lindseybeck1023