Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
IP Exam 1 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Theory," | A logical, consistent set of statements that explains a phenomenon of interest.",Intro |
| Interests, | What actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences among possible outcomes of their political choices.,Intro / Ch2 |
| Interactions, | The ways in which the choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes.,Intro / Ch2 |
| Institutions, | Set of rules (known and shared by the relevant community) that structure interactions in specific ways.,Intro / Ch2 |
| Bargaining, | Interaction in which actors must decide how to distribute something of value; one actor's bigger share means smaller shares for others.,Intro / Ch2 |
| Cooperation, | Interaction in which actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off vs. the status quo without making others worse off.,Intro / Ch2 |
| Anarchy, | Absence of a central authority able to make and enforce laws that bind all actors.,Intro / Ch2 |
| Mercantilism, | Economic doctrine that military power and economic influence complement each other; colonial empires (16th-18th c.); monopolies favored the mother country over colonies and competitors.,Ch1 |
| Peace of Westphalia, | 1648 settlement ending the Thirty Years' War; said to have created the modern state system via recognition of sovereignty and nonintervention.,Ch1 |
| Sovereignty, | Expectation that states have legal and political supremacy (ultimate authority) within their territorial boundaries.,Ch1 / Ch2 |
| Hegemony, | Predominance of one nation-state over others.,Ch1 |
| Pax Britannica, | 'British Peace': century-long period (1815 Waterloo to 1914 WWI) in which British economic and diplomatic influence supported economic openness and relative peace.,Ch1 |
| Gold standard, | Monetary system (c. 1870-1914) in which countries tied their currencies to gold at a legally fixed price.,Ch1 |
| Treaty of Versailles," | Peace treaty between the Allies and Germany that formally ended WWI on June 28, 1919.",Ch1 |
| League of Nations, | Collective security organization founded in 1919 after WWI; ended in 1946 and replaced by the UN.,Ch1 / Ch5 |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)," | Alliance formed in 1949 (US, Canada, most of Western Europe) in response to the Soviet threat; an attack on one is an attack on all.",Ch1 / Ch5 |
| Bretton Woods System," | Economic order negotiated in 1944 at Bretton Woods, NH; cooperative arrangements with relatively low barriers to trade and investment.",Ch1 |
| Warsaw Pact," | Military alliance formed in 1955 of the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies; dissolved March 31, 1991.",Ch1 / Ch5 |
| Decolonization," | Process of colonial possessions winning independence, esp. the rapid end of European empires in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean (1940s-1960s).",Ch1 |
| Nationalism," | Political ideology prioritizing attachment to one's nation, where nations are groups defined by common origin, ethnicity, language, or cultural ties.",Ch2 |
| Actors, | Basic unit of analysis in international politics; individuals or groups of people with common interests.,Ch2 |
| State," | Central authority able to make and enforce laws, rules, and decisions within a specific territory.",Ch2 |
| National interests," | Interests attributed to the state itself, usually security and power.",Ch2 |
| Coordination, | Cooperative interaction in which actors benefit from all making the same choices and have no incentive not to comply.,Ch2 |
| Collaboration, | Cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but still have incentives not to comply with an agreement.,Ch2 |
| Public goods," | Products that are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption (e.g., national defense).",Ch2 |
| Collective action problem, | Obstacle to cooperation when actors have incentives to collaborate but each expects others to pay the costs.,Ch2 |
| Free ride, | Failing to contribute to a public good while benefiting from others' contributions.,Ch2 |
| Iteration, | Repeated interactions with the same partners.,Ch2 |
| Linkage, | Linking cooperation on one issue to interactions on a second issue.,Ch2 |
| Power, | Ability of A to get B to do something B would otherwise not do; ability to extract concessions and avoid making them.,Ch2 |
| Coercion (Ch2), | Strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors to induce a change in their behavior.,Ch2 / Ch6 |
| Outside options, | Alternatives to bargaining with a specific actor.,Ch2 |
| International institutions, | An institution that regulates actors in at least two states.,Ch2 |
| War, | Event involving the organized use of military force by at least two parties that reaches a minimum threshold of severity.,Ch3 |
| Interstate war, | War in which the main participants are states.,Ch3 |
| Civil war," | War in which the main participants are within the same state, e.g., the government and a rebel group.",Ch3 / Ch6 |
| Security dilemma, | Efforts by states to defend themselves make other states feel less secure; can lead to arms races and war through fear of attack.,Ch3 |
| Crisis bargaining, | Bargaining in which at least one actor threatens force if its demands are not met.,Ch3 |
| Coercive diplomacy, | Use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction.,Ch3 |
| Bargaining range," | Set of deals both parties prefer over the reversion outcome (when reversion is war, deals both prefer over war).",Ch3 |
| Compellence, | Effort to change the status quo through the threat of force.,Ch3 |
| Deterrence, | Effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force.,Ch3 |
| Incomplete information, | Actors lack information about others' interests and/or capabilities.,Ch3 |
| Resolve, | Willingness of an actor to endure costs to acquire a particular good.,Ch3 |
| Risk-return trade-off," | In crisis bargaining, the trade-off between trying to get a better deal and trying to avoid war.",Ch3 |
| Credibility, | Believability. A credible threat is believed by the target to be carried out; a credible commitment is believed to be honored.,Ch3 |
| Brinksmanship," | Strategy of taking actions that raise the risk of accidental war, hoping the other side 'blinks' first and concedes.",Ch3 |
| Audience costs, | Negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or honor a commitment.,Ch3 |
| Preventive war, | War fought to prevent an adversary from becoming stronger; arises because a rising power cannot commit not to exploit its power later.,Ch3 |
| First-strike advantage," | Military technology, strategy, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks first.",Ch3 |
| Preemptive war, | War fought in anticipation that an attack by the other side is imminent.,Ch3 |
| Indivisible good, | A good that cannot be divided without destroying its value.,Ch3 |
| Bureaucracy," | Collection of organizations (military, diplomatic corps, intelligence agencies) that carry out most governance tasks within a state.",Ch4 |
| Interest groups, | Groups with common interests that organize to influence public policy in ways that benefit their members.,Ch4 |
| Rally effect, | Tendency for people to become more supportive of their government during dramatic international events like crises or wars.,Ch4 |
| Diversionary incentive, | Incentive for leaders to start international crises to rally public support at home.,Ch4 |
| Military-industry complex," | Alliance between military leaders and industries that benefit from international conflict (e.g., arms makers).",Ch4 |
| Democratic peace," | Observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states.",Ch4 |
| Democracy," | Political system in which candidates compete for office through frequent, fair elections with a sizable portion of adults able to vote.",Ch4 |
| Autocracy, | System in which an individual or small group exercises power with few constraints and no meaningful competition or public participation.,Ch4 |
| Accountability," | Ability to punish or reward leaders for their decisions, e.g., voters granting or withholding office in fair elections.",Ch4 |
| Alliances, | Institutions that help members cooperate militarily in the event of war.,Ch5 |
| Balance of power, | Situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal.,Ch5 |
| Bandwagoning, | Strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict.,Ch5 |
| Entrapment, | Being dragged into an unwanted war because of the opportunistic actions of an ally.,Ch5 |
| United Nations (UN), | Collective security organization founded 1945 after WWII; 190+ members including all recognized states.,Ch5 |
| Collective security organizations," | Broad-based institutions promoting peace and security among members (e.g., League of Nations, UN).",Ch5 |
| Genocide," | Intentional and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group (ethnic, religious, etc.).",Ch5 |
| Humanitarian interventions," | Interventions to relieve humanitarian crises from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide.",Ch5 |
| UN Security Council (UNSC)," | Main governing body of the UN; identifies threats to peace and security and prescribes responses, including sanctions or military action.",Ch5 |
| Permanent five (P5)," | Permanent UNSC members: US, Great Britain, France, Russia (formerly USSR), China.",Ch5 |
| Veto power," | Ability to block passage of a measure by a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote.",Ch5 |
| Peace-enforcement operation, | Military operation using force to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end fighting.,Ch5 |
| Peacekeeping operation, | Troops and observers deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement.,Ch5 |
| Terrorism, | Use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or nonstate groups for political ends.,Ch6 |
| Asymmetrical warfare," | Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities (e.g., rebels or terrorists vs. strong states).",Ch6 |
| Separatist, | Actor seeking to create an independent state on territory carved from an existing state.,Ch6 |
| Irredentist," | Actor seeking to detach a region from one country and attach it to another, usually due to shared ethnic or religious ties.",Ch6 |
| Proxy wars, | Conflicts in which opposing states 'fight' by supporting opposite sides in a third state's war.,Ch6 |
| Insurgency," | Military strategy of small, often lightly armed units conducting hit-and-run attacks on military, government, and civilian targets.",Ch6 |
| Extremists, | Actors whose interests are not widely shared; politically weak relative to the demands they make.,Ch6 |
| Provocation, | Terrorist strategy of provoking a disproportionate government response that alienates moderates in the terrorists' home society or sympathetic audiences.,Ch6 |
| Spoiling, | Terrorist strategy of sabotaging a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society.,Ch6 |
| Outbidding, | Terrorist strategy of showing superior capability and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause.,Ch6 |
| International law, | Body of rules that binds states and other agents in world politics and has the status of law.,Ch11 |
| International humanitarian law (laws of war)," | Rules that limit the effects of armed conflict, protect noncombatants, and restrict means and methods of warfare for humanitarian reasons.",Ch11 |
| Reciprocity, | (Diffuse reciprocity) System of mutual obligation: states comply with rules and norms expecting others will do the same.,Ch11 |
| Customary international law, | Law that develops slowly over time as states come to recognize practices as appropriate and correct.,Ch11 |
| International treaty, | Formal written agreement between two or more states governed by international law.,Ch11 |
| Obligation, | Degree to which states are legally bound by a rule; high-obligation rules must be performed in good faith and breaches require reparations.,Ch11 |
| Precision, | Degree to which legal obligations are fully specified; more precise rules narrow room for reasonable interpretation.,Ch11 |
| Delegation," | Degree to which third parties (courts, arbitrators, mediators) are given authority to implement, interpret, apply rules, resolve disputes, and make new rules.",Ch11 |
| Norms, | Standards of behavior for actors with a given identity; define what is 'right' or appropriate in particular circumstances.,Ch11 |
| Norms entrepreneurs, | Individuals or groups seeking to advance principled standards of behavior for states and other actors.,Ch11 |
| Norms life cycle, | Three-stage model of how norms diffuse and become taken for granted.,Ch11 |
| Private authority," | Legitimate rulemaking by nonstate actors (e.g., norms governing multinational corporations and international NGOs).",Ch11 |
| Human rights," | Rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of citizenship or group membership.",Ch12 |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), | 1948 UN General Assembly declaration; a 'common standard of achievement for all peoples'; foundation of modern human rights law.,Ch12 |
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)," | Completed 1966, in force 1976; details basic civil and political rights. With ICESCR, the 'twin covenants.'",Ch12 |
| "International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)"," | Completed 1966, in force 1976; specifies basic economic, social, and cultural rights. With ICCPR, the 'twin covenants.'",Ch12 |
| Nonderogable rights," | Rights that cannot be suspended for any reason, including social or public emergency.",Ch12 |
| International Bill of Rights," | The UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR together; the core of the international human rights regime.",Ch12 |
| Prisoners of conscience (POCs), | Individuals imprisoned solely for peacefully expressing their beliefs; term coined by Amnesty International.,Ch12 |
| Transnational advocacy network (TAN), | Set of individuals and NGOs acting in pursuit of a normative objective.,Ch12 |
| Popular sovereignty, | Idea that a state's power and legitimacy derive from the will of the governed.,Ch12 |
| Boomerang model, | NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own government.,Ch12 |
| Individual petition, | Right allowing individuals to petition international legal bodies directly if they believe a state violated their rights.,Ch12 |
Created by:
user-1856109