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eco & nutrient cycle
ecosystems and nutrient cycles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrient enrichment of water bodies (due to fertilizer or sewage) triggering algal growth, oxygen depletion, and harm to aquatic life; creates dead zones from insufficient oxygen | Eutrophication |
| elements and compounds organisms require for survial; recyled within ecosystems; carried by water in the cylce | Nutrients |
| elements and coumpounds needed in large amounts | Macronutrients |
| nutrients needed in smaller amounts | Micronutrients |
| nutrients moving through ecosystems in nutrient cycles | biogeochemical cycles |
| nutrients moving from one resevior or pool to another for varying amounts of times | residence time |
| when a resivoir relases more materials than it accepts | source |
| when a resivoir accepts more materials than it releases | sink |
| the rate which materials move between revisors | flux |
| how water flows as a solid, liquid, and gas through our environment | water cycle |
| converys water from a liquid to gaseous form, taken to the atmosphere; increased by warmth, wind, exposure, occurs from surfaces of orgnaisms (sweating) | evaporation |
| relase of water vapor by plants through leaves | transpiration |
| made by transpiration and evaporation, when water escapes into air as a gas, leaving behind its dissolved subtances | distillation |
| water returing to Earths surface when condensing into rain or snow | precipitation |
| precipitation and surface water soaked through soil and rock | ground water |
| dams, removing veigation, air pollution are examples of | water cycle human-caused alterations |
| N becomes biologically active and enters the biosphere and lithosphere; N is an essential ingredient in DNA, RNA, and protiens | nitrogen cycle |
| intert N gas becomes biologically avaible when combining with hydrogen to become ammonia whose water-soulable ions of ammonium can be taken up plants | nitrogen fixation |
| converts N gas into ammonia on plants like legumes | nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
| enable people to artitifcially fix nitrogen, greatly enhancing agriculture; humans have doubled rate of nitrogen on earth | haber-bosch process |
| process by which bacteria convert ammonium ions into nitrite ions then into nitrate ions, which can be taken directly by plants | nitrification |
| decomposers processing N rich compounds, releasing ammonium ions, making compounds available to nitrifying back to convert again to nitrates and nitrites | ammonification |
| converts nitrates back into N gas | dentrifying bacteria |
| emitted when soils and waste rich in N undergo microbial nitrification and incomplete denitrification, especially under-wet, low oxygen conditions; most problematic gas in the environment | nitrous oxide |
| process that moves phophorus from sinks to living matter | phosphorus cycle |
| releases phosphate ions into water, causing them to end up in water, taken by aquatic organisms while terrisstal organisms take phosphorus from their roots | weathering of rocks |
| describes the route that carbon takes through the environment | carbon cycle |
| pull out carbon dioxide out of the air and use it to produce sugars like glucose | producers in the carbon cycles |
| consume organic molecules and relase some carbon in the carbon cycle | Producers, autotrophs, consumers, decomposers |
| largest resevior in the carbon cycle; when aquatic organisms die, the remains settle in sediments and converted into sedeminatry rock like limestone | sedimentary rock |
| second largest reservior of carbon, dissolving carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions | ocean |
| what drives processes; flows in one direction through ecosystems | energy flow in ecosystems |
| conversion of solar energy into chemical bonds into sugars | primary production |
| total chemical energy produced by autotrophs | gross primary production |
| energy remaining after respiration, used to generate biomass (leaves, stems, roots) | net primary production |
| energy used by consumers to generate their own biomass | secondary production |
| rate which producers (autotrophs) convert solar energy to biomass | net primary productivity |
| self contained habitatas within geographical areas | eocsystems |
| where ecosystems meet in a transitional zone | ecotones |
| when a change in one part of an ecosystem affects other parts which then feeds back to influence the original change | feedback loop |
| feedback loop that reduces a change and helps maintain stability | negative feedback loops |
| negative feedback systems with processes that move in opposing direction at equivialent rates | dynamic equilibrium |
| tendancy of a system to maintain stable internal conditions | homeostasis |
| feedback loop that amplifies a change (keeps it growing) | positive feedback loop |
| specific portions of biosphere determined by climare and identitied by predominate vegitation and organisms adapted to live there; classifed by dominant plant vegetation | biome |
| affects biomes; highly correlated with latitude, most important factor of creating global biome patterns | temperature and precipitation |
| affects biomes; climate varies, temperature atmospheric pressure and oxygen varirs | elevation |
| found in midlatitude with even precipiatation throughout the year; frozen winters, dropped tree leaves, fertile soils, oaks, beeches, maples | temperate deciduous forest |
| temperature differences between winter and summer are more extreme, and rainfall diminishes; known as prairie or steppe | temperate grassland |
| rich in rain fall but still midlatitude; fertile soil but prone to erosion if tree roots are removed; Pacific Northwest | temperate rainforest |
| dark, damp ineteriors, lush vegiataion, high biodiveristy; high numbers of tree species intermixed at low densities; acidic soils low in organic matter | tropical rainforest |
| wet and dry seasons occupying half of year; consistenly warm; shedding leaves during dry seasons, converted to agriculture | tropical deciduous forest |
| tropical grassland interspersed with acacias or other trees; Africa, Australia, India, distinct wet and dry seasons; zebras, lions elephants | savanna |
| driest biomes, less thn 25 cm of rain per year; high mineralized soil with organic material; animals and plants adapted to minimize water loss | deserts |
| very dry but cold; undergrounud soil is permafrost; unoccupied but mostly directly impacted by air pollution and climate change. | tundra |
| cold but more precipitation than tundra; dominated by evergreen trees, soils acidic and nutrient poor | taiga |
| found in small patches; dense thicket of evergreen shrubs; influenced by nearby oceans; frequent fires with mild wet winters and warm dry summers | chaparral |
Created by:
jbearden582