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Articulatory System
SLP 108
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| resonance | the result of filtering the sound source passing through supraglottal cavities of vocal tract, how vocal tract shapes and strengthens sound |
| what shapes supraglottal cavities | articulators |
| formants | resonances of the vocal tract, how sound is shaped using the tongue, lips, etc., specific frequencies that are amplified by the shape of your vocal tract |
| alveolar bones | hold teeth in place at bottom and top of jaw, shaded on diagram |
| velum | soft palate on roof of mouth, behind hard palate, part of oral cavity, produces velar sounds (/k/, /g/), made of muscle and tissue |
| velopharyngeal port | open while breathing, takes air from nose into lungs (connects nasal cavity to trachea), closed during speech except when producing nasal consonants, blocked off by velum during speech |
| cleft palate | holes in hard/soft palate, making air pass into nasal cavity when unnecessary, nasally voice quality |
| conventional deafness | do not know how to close velopharyngeal port since they do not get auditory input, sound nasally |
| periodic/aperiodic sound & resonance | both of these sound sources excite the resonances of vocal tract cavities |
| pharynx | throat, tube formed by constrictor muscles, in pharyngeal cavity |
| superior pharynx | nasopharynx (near nasal cavity) |
| middle pharynx | oropharynx (back of oral cavity) |
| inferior pharynx | laryngopharynx (near larynx) |
| oral cavity | formed by space between teeth, upper/lower jaws, and tongue, exit point for most sounds, shape is altered during speech (changes resonance) |
| teeth | incisors are most important in producing dental sounds (/t/, /d/,, /s/), channel airflow and sound waves, act as an obstacle for correct sound production |
| alveolar ridge | anterior region of hard palate, bone behind top front teeth, produces alveolar sounds (/t/, /n/, /d/) |
| levator palatini | muscle that contracts and raises velum to close port, separate nasal and pharyngeal cavities, used for oral speech sounds (not nasals) |
| relaxation of levator palatini | opens port, air flows freely into nasal cavity, used in breathing |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | connect tongue to external structures, movement of tongue body, heavy lifters, 4 muscles |
| styloglossus | up and back (/u/) |
| hyoglossus | down and back ("ahhh") |
| genioglossus | up and forward ("eee") |
| palatoglossus | up |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | fine tuning of tongue/words |
| superior longitudinal | raises tongue tip up ("eh") |
| inferior longitudinal | lowers tongue tip ("eee") |
| vertical muscle | runs superior to inferior, flattens tongue body |
| transverse muscle | runs left to right, narrows tongue body |
| obicularis oris | muscle that circles around lips, used in bilabial sounds (/p) and helps round lips, primary lip muscle, helps keep food/drink in mouth when eating |
| risoris muscle | draws lips to corners and back up ("eee"), helps you smile |
| nasal cavity | lined with mucus membrane and cilia to warm, moisturize, and absorb sound and to make it quieter, produces /m, n, "ng"/ |
| region between glottis and lips | a tube that is open (separated lips for word production) at one and and closed (glottis) at the other |
| filtering | how the mouth/vocal tract manipulates the sound source to speak, how articulators shape sound from larynx |
| source & filter relationship | source (pitch) stays constant while the filter changes, all speech has both characteristics (ex. voice level stays the same and vowel sound produced is different) |
| [u] | tongue moves back in mouth, larger resonating space, lower pitch (high, back, rounded), styloglossus and obicularis oris activated |
| [i] | high, front vowel, genioglossus is activated, large pharynx & small oral cavity |
| patterns of relative formant values... | are consistent across speakers (People produce vowels with similar patterns of formants, even if their voices sound different.) |
| patterns of absolute formant values... | exact frequencies differ from person to person |
| vowel patterns in dialects | people who speak different dialects may pronounce the same vowel differently, which changes their formant frequencies |
| conventional deafness (vowel production) | they have deviant vowel spaces, jaw and tongue placements are more constrained, range of formant values is smaller (no crisp, clear difference between vowel sounds) |
| apraxia | motor speech disorder, motor neurons aren't sending/recieving signals to produce vowels correctly |
| dysarthria | common in kids with cerebral palsy, muscles do not recieve neurological impulses to produce vowels |
| diphthongs | changes in vocal tract positions that cause formants to change over time, single vowel sound made from gliding between one vowel position to another in the same syllable (ex. "aid, oil, cow") |
| vocal tract components | pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, 17 cm long |
| superior labial frenulum | small flap of tissue on the inner surface of upper lip that connects to midpoint of alveolar ridge |
| inferior labial frenulum | connects lower lip to midline of mandible, if defected leads to being tongue tied (tongue can't fully move around) |
| alveoli | spaces where teeth are embedded |
| hard palate | barrier between oral and nasal cavities, made of palatine processes of maxilla (upper jaw bones) |
| intermaxillary suture | line where 2 halves of upper jaw meet in the middle of hard palate, immovable |
| palatine bones | 2 bones that are L-shaped and meet in the middle to form the back part of hard palate, |
| transverse palatine suture | line where front part of the hard palate (from the upper jaw) meets the back part (from the palatine bones) |
| hypernasality | occurs when air escapes through nasal cavity rather than oral cavity (cleft palate & deaf patients) |
| hyponasality | insufficent nasal resonance (ex. stuffy nose prevents sound from entering nasal cavity) |
| muscular hydrostat | the tongue, muscular organ that doesn't have a skeleton or cartilage or bone but provides support thru muscle contraction |
| lingual frenulum | band of connective tissue that joins tongue and mandible |
| esophageal speech | uses esophagus to speak in cases where a person has their larynx removed |
| cricopharyngeus muscle | lower margin of inferior constrictors, arises from cricoid cartilage, vibrated in esophageal speech to make low pitched sounds |
| eustachian tube | connects pharynx to middle ear in the nasopharynx |
| labial valve | formed by lips, can be used with teeth or tongue |
| lingual valve | tongue valve, capable of contacting teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, or soft palate |
| laryngeal valve | formed by vocal folds, voices sound |
| velopharyngeal valve | directs airflow to appropriate cavity, made of velum and pharyngeal walls |
Created by:
tcs2819