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SOC 130 QUIZ 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are social theories? | Organized arguments explaining how different elements of social life relate to one another. |
| What are the five components of social theories? | 1. Concepts and definitions; 2. General statements about social relationships; 3. Causal explanations; 4. Predictions; 5. Scope conditions. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A specific statement about how variables will relate to one another in a research study. |
| What are variables? | Theoretical concepts translated into measurable forms. |
| What is operationalization? | Translating an abstract concept into something measurable or observable. |
| What is an independent variable (IV)? | The variable predicted or hypothesized to cause a change in another variable. |
| What is a dependent variable (DV)? | The variable predicted to change as a result of the independent variable. |
| What is the difference between an IV and a DV? | The IV is the proposed cause or predictor; the DV is the proposed outcome. |
| What are scope conditions in a theory? | The situations or circumstances in which a theory's predictions are expected to hold. |
| What is a population? | The entire group of people about whom a researcher wants to draw conclusions. |
| What is a sample? | A subset of people selected to participate in a study. |
| What is probability sampling? | Sampling in which selection is based on random procedures and known probabilities. |
| What is a random sample? | A sample selected randomly from a population. |
| What is cluster sampling? | Dividing a population into clusters, then randomly selecting clusters and sampling people within them according to the design. |
| What is a convenience sample? | A sample consisting of readily available people who fit the study's criteria. |
| What is snowball sampling? | A sampling method in which participants refer or recruit other eligible participants. |
| Which sampling methods are probability sampling? | Random sampling and properly conducted cluster sampling. |
| Which sampling methods in these notes are non-probability sampling? | Convenience sampling and snowball sampling |
| Why does sampling matter? | It affects how well the sample represents the population and how far the findings can be generalized. |
| What are qualitative methods? | Methods that explore experiences, meanings, and behavior through in-depth observation, interviews, and other non-numerical data. |
| What are examples of qualitative methods? | Field research, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and qualitative content analysis. |
| What is field research? | Direct observation of people's behavior in a particular setting. |
| What is ethnography? | A descriptive, in-depth study of a group, culture, or organization. |
| What is participant observation? | An approach in which the researcher participates in the activities of the group being studied. |
| What are three challenges of participant observation? | Researcher bias, influence on participants' behavior, and the time required. |
| What is narrative analysis? | A method that examines social life by analyzing patterns, meanings, and structures in personal stories. |
| What are in-depth interviews? | Interviews that explore participants' experiences and perspectives in detail. |
| What are focus groups? | Group discussions used to explore participants' opinions, experiences, and interactions around a topic. |
| What is qualitative content analysis? | Systematically interpreting texts, images, or other content to identify themes and meanings. |
| What are quantitative methods? | Methods that measure thoughts, feelings, or behaviors numerically. |
| What are examples of quantitative methods? | Survey research, secondary data analysis, laboratory experiments, and quantitative content analysis. |
| What is statistical significance testing? | A procedure for assessing how compatible observed results are with a specified statistical null hypothesis. |
| What is survey research? | Research that uses questionnaires to collect data about variables, attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics. |
| What is secondary data analysis? | Analyzing data that were previously collected, often by another researcher or organization. |
| What is quantitative content analysis? | Systematically coding and counting features of content to produce numerical data. |
| What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? | Qualitative research emphasizes meanings and in-depth understanding; quantitative research emphasizes numerical measurement and statistical analysis. |
| Can content analysis be qualitative or quantitative? | Yes. It can examine meanings and themes or measure the frequency of specified content. |
| What is a categorical or nominal variable? | A variable with categories that have no inherent order. |
| Give an example of a nominal variable | Religion, nationality, or blood type. |
| What is an ordinal variable? | A variable with ordered categories whose intervals are not necessarily equal |
| Give an example of an ordinal variable. | Satisfaction rated as very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, or very satisfied. |
| What is an interval variable? | A variable with equal distances between adjacent values but no meaningful absolute zero. |
| Give an example of an interval variable. | emperature measured in degrees Celsius. |
| What is a ratio variable? | A variable with equal intervals and a meaningful zero indicating the absence of the measured quantity. |
| Give an example of a ratio variable. | Age, income, or number of children. |
| What is the key difference between interval and ratio variables? | Ratio variables have a meaningful zero; interval variables do not. |
| What are indices or scales? | Sets of related questions or items combined to measure one or more dimensions of a concept. |
| Why use an index or scale? | To measure complex concepts using several related indicators instead of relying on a single question. |
| What is an ecological fallacy? | Incorrectly assuming that relationships observed at the group level also apply to individuals. |
| What is an experiment? | A research procedure in which investigators assign participants to different levels of an independent variable and measure an outcome. |
| What is a laboratory experiment? | An experiment conducted in a controlled environment. |
| What is a natural or field experiment? | An experiment conducted in a real-world setting rather than a laboratory. |
| What is an experimental group? | The group exposed to the treatment or condition being studied. |
| What is a control group? | The comparison group that does not receive the treatment or receives a baseline or alternative condition. |
| What is a pretest? | A measurement of the dependent variable taken before the treatment or intervention. |
| What is a posttest? | A measurement of the dependent variable taken after the treatment or intervention. |
| What is random assignment? | Assigning participants to experimental conditions by chance. |
| What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment? | Random sampling selects people from a population; random assignment allocates participants to experimental conditions. |
| Why is random assignment important? | It helps distribute pre-existing differences across conditions, strengthening causal inference. |
| What is the purpose of experiments in theory testing? | To test theoretical predictions and evaluate whether evidence supports or challenges a theory. |
| How do laboratory and field experiments differ? | Laboratory experiments offer greater environmental control; field experiments take place in everyday or natural settings. |
| What is a mixed-method approach? | An approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods in one research project. |
| Why use mixed methods? | To combine numerical patterns with in-depth explanations and gain a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem. |
| What is the Iskala ng Mananaliksik? | A scale or framework concerning the researcher's level of involvement or participation in the research process. |
| What is the Iskala ng Patutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok? | A framework concerning the orientation or direction of the researcher–participant relationship. |
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