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Chapter 5 Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the five anxiety disorders covered in Chapter 5? | Panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and GAD. |
| What is panic disorder? | Recurrent unexpected panic attacks, followed by worry or maladaptive behavior changes. |
| What are common panic attack symptoms? | Racing heart, chest pain, sweating, dizziness, breathing difficulty, fear of dying or losing control. |
| What is anxiety sensitivity? | Fear of anxiety-related bodily sensations; fear of fear. |
| What is catastrophic misinterpretation? | Interpreting harmless bodily sensations as signs of danger. |
| What biological factors contribute to panic disorder? | Genetic vulnerability, overactive fear circuits, and low GABA in certain brain regions. |
| What is a specific phobia? | Excessive fear and avoidance of a particular object or situation. |
| What are the four specific phobia categories? | Animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and situational. |
| What is social anxiety disorder? | Intense fear of negative evaluation, embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection. |
| What is agoraphobia? | Fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable. |
| Can agoraphobia occur without panic disorder? | Yes, it can occur with or without panic disorder. |
| What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? | Persistent excessive, difficult-to-control worry across many situations. |
| What does free-floating anxiety mean? | Anxiety not tied to one specific object or situation. |
| What are common GAD symptoms? | Restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep problems. |
| What are biological factors associated with GAD? | GABA/serotonin irregularities and differences in amygdala/prefrontal cortex activity. |
| What is OCD? | Obsessions, compulsions, or both, causing distress or impairment. |
| What is an obsession? | An intrusive, persistent, unwanted thought, urge, or image. |
| What is a compulsion? | A repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce distress. |
| What are common OCD compulsions? | Handwashing, checking, counting, and praying. |
| How does negative reinforcement maintain OCD? | Performing rituals reduces anxiety temporarily, making the rituals more likely to recur. |
| What cognitive factor is associated with OCD? | Perfectionism, exaggerated danger beliefs, and overattention to intrusive thoughts. |
| What brain regions are associated with OCD? | Basal ganglia/caudate nucleus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. |
| What is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)? | Excessive preoccupation with imagined or exaggerated appearance flaws. |
| What behaviors are common in BDD? | Mirror checking, grooming, concealing flaws, and seeking cosmetic procedures. |
| What factors are associated with BDD? | Perfectionism, distorted appearance processing, and detail-focused face processing. |
| What is hoarding disorder? | Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, resulting in excessive clutter. |
| How does hoarding differ from OCD? | Keeping possessions may feel enjoyable or comforting rather than being an unwanted ritual. |
| What biological differences are associated with hoarding? | Differences in brain processes involved in decision making and self-regulation. |
| What is trichotillomania? | Repeated hair pulling that causes hair loss. |
| What is excoriation disorder? | Repeated skin picking that causes sores or lesions. |
| How does the psychodynamic model explain anxiety? | Unconscious conflicts or repressed impulses create anxiety. |
| How does classical conditioning explain phobias? | A neutral object or situation becomes associated with a frightening experience. |
| How does negative reinforcement explain avoidance? | Avoidance reduces fear temporarily, strengthening future avoidance. |
| What is Mowrer's two-factor model? | Classical conditioning acquires fear; operant negative reinforcement maintains avoidance. |
| What is observational learning? | Learning fear by watching another person's fearful reaction. |
| What is prepared conditioning? | Evolutionary predisposition to develop fears of ancestral threats. |
| What is the amygdala's role in anxiety? | Processes fear and helps activate threat responses. |
| What is the prefrontal cortex's role in anxiety? | Evaluates threats and helps regulate fear responses. |
| What is GABA? | An inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces nervous system activity. |
| What is cognitive restructuring? | Identifying and replacing irrational or catastrophic thoughts. |
| What is breathing retraining? | Slow abdominal breathing used to regulate panic-related breathing. |
| What is self-monitoring in CBT? | Tracking anxiety symptoms, thoughts, situations, and triggers. |
| What is systematic desensitization? | Gradual exposure using a fear hierarchy paired with relaxation. |
| Who developed systematic desensitization? | Joseph Wolpe. |
| What is gradual exposure? | Step-by-step confrontation with feared stimuli until anxiety decreases. |
| What is in vivo exposure? | Exposure to feared situations in real life. |
| What is imaginal exposure? | Exposure by imagining feared situations. |
| What is flooding? | Direct, prolonged exposure to highly feared stimuli. |
| What is virtual reality therapy (VRT)? | Exposure to feared situations through simulated environments. |
| What is decatastrophizing? | Challenging the assumption that the worst possible outcome will occur. |
| What is exposure with response prevention (ERP)? | Exposure to obsession triggers without performing compulsive rituals. |
| Which therapy is especially important for OCD? | Exposure with response prevention (ERP). |
| Which treatments are commonly used for panic disorder? | CBT, breathing retraining, exposure, cognitive restructuring, and medication. |
| Which treatment is especially effective for specific phobias? | Exposure-based therapy, including systematic desensitization. |
| Which treatments are commonly used for GAD? | CBT, relaxation, decatastrophizing, and medication. |
| What is extinction? | A learned fear response weakens after repeated exposure without the expected harmful outcome. |
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