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Fetal development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did AI start? | 1940s-50s |
| Why did people not like AI in its infancy? | Figured it was unnatural, the calves would be sick, and the cows wouldn't make any milk, it was time consuming and difficult |
| How was semen delivered before they figured out how to freeze it? | Airplanes and parachutes |
| Estrus synchronization | Injecting cows or heifers with PGF2a so a group of cows come into heat on the same day |
| Lutalyse | PGF2a that can be bought and injected into cows |
| Why does estrus synchronization work? | PGF2a regresses the CL and brings cows into heat, do doing it all at the same time brings all the cows in the herd into estrus |
| How long does it take heifers to go into heat after PGF2a treatment? | 2-3 days |
| How long does it take cows to go into heat after PGF2a treatment? | 3-5 days |
| Most common method of inducing estrus synchronization | Treat the whole pen and breed anything you see in heat (70%), then treat anyone you didn't breed |
| How long does it take ovulation to happen after an LH surge? | 30 hrs |
| Capacitation | The fact that the sperm that needs time to mature within the female tract |
| When should you AI your cows? | 12 hours after heat |
| How do you get sperm ready to AI? | Take out of liquid nitrogen tank and put in a thaw bath for 30 seconds |
| How do you AI a cow? | Load semen straw into AI gun, hold cervix steady, insert catheter to pass through cervix, inseminate in uterine body |
| How long can sperm survive outside the cow? | 15 minutes |
| Fertilization | A union of sperm and egg to form a zygote |
| Where does fertilization occur? | In the oviduct, remains there for 5 days |
| How does the cell division process happen? | Cleaving begins throughout the days and doubles cells up to 5 days |
| Morula | Happens around day 5-6, embryo becomes a mush of cells, or a solid ball |
| Differentiation | Process through one cell creates an organism by becoming all the various cells in the body |
| Blastocyte | Beings to develop into what becomes placenta and fetus and creates a cavity |
| Blastocoel | The fluid-filled cavity of a blastocyte |
| Zona pellucida | Thick coating around the egg |
| Trophoblast | The part of the blastocyte that will become the placenta |
| Inter cell mass | The part of the blastocyte that will become the fetus |
| When can the embryo be transferred? | Blastocyte stage |
| Uterine lumen | Where the embryo lives, runs all through uterine horn |
| Myometrium | Muscular layer of the uterus |
| Endometrium | Layer that feeds the embryo and is responsible for the formation of the placenta and is full of glands |
| Point of glands in the endometrium | Secrete nutrients to the embryo |
| Ciliated cells | Cells move the nutrients out of the gland and into the lumen |
| Hatching | Breaks through zona pellucida |
| What are the black spots on images of a embryo? | Parts that will develop into fetus |
| How does a placenta develop? | Embryo becomes spherical, then tubular/filamentous |
| Why does the placenta become tubular? | To fill up the uterine horn |
| What does the embryo do to keep the CL from regressing and ending the pregnancy? | Release IFNT that blocks PGF2a release |
| Interferon tau/IFNT | The hormone released from the filamentous bovine embryo that blocks PGF2a release from the uterus and rescues the CL to maintain the pregnancy |
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