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Chapter 2 Part 1
Genetics- Exam 2- Fall 2026
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a gene, according to the slide definition? | A nucleotide sequence that codes for RNA. |
| What are the four main RNA types listed? | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and sRNA. |
| What role does small RNA (sRNA) play in the slides? | It plays a role in gene regulation. |
| What is a locus? | The precise position of a gene on a chromosome. |
| What is an allele? | An alternative form of a gene. |
| What does haploid mean? | A cell or organism with one complete set of chromosomes. |
| What does diploid mean? | A cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes. |
| What are sex chromosomes? | Chromosomes that play a role in sex determination. |
| What are autosomes? | All chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. |
| What is a karyotype? | A representation of a cell's or organism's chromosome complement, usually ordered by size. |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | Chromosomes with the same genetic structure and loci; their alleles may differ. |
| What three criteria characterize chromosomes in the slides? | Size, centromere position, and banding patterns. |
| What do chromosome banding patterns help do? | Distinguish chromosomes through specific, reproducible staining patterns. |
| What is the p arm of a chromosome? | The short arm; p comes from the French petite. |
| What is the q arm of a chromosome? | The long arm of a chromosome. |
| What are the four centromere-position categories listed? | Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric. |
| What is a metacentric chromosome? | A chromosome with a centromere near the middle. |
| What is a submetacentric chromosome? | A chromosome with a centromere somewhat off-center. |
| What is an acrocentric chromosome? | A chromosome with a centromere near one end. |
| What is a telocentric chromosome? | A chromosome with a centromere at the end. |
| Does chromosome number generally indicate organism size or complexity? | No. The basic chromosome number varies by species and is generally unrelated to size or biological complexity. |
| What are two purposes of cell division listed in the slides? | Asexual reproduction in some unicellular organisms and the development/maintenance of multicellularity. |
| What is asexual reproduction? | Reproduction in which cell division produces new individuals without sexual reproduction. |
| How do most prokaryotes divide? | By binary fission. |
| What happens during binary fission? | The chromosome replicates into two identical copies, the copies segregate, and each daughter cell receives one copy. |
| What are somatic cells? | Body cells that may be haploid or diploid and reproduce by mitosis. |
| What are germ cells in the slides? | Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to yield haploid gametes. |
| What are the two main components of the cell cycle listed? | Interphase and mitosis. |
| What occurs during G1? | Synthesis of proteins and RNA; the cell prepares for DNA replication. |
| What occurs during S phase? | DNA synthesis and chromosome replication. |
| What occurs during G2? | Synthesis of proteins and RNA as the cell prepares for mitosis. |
| Which part of interphase varies most in length? | G1. |
| What is the G0 stage? | A stage entered when a cell withdraws from the cell cycle, either postponing division or committing never to divide again. |
| What is the restriction point? | The point late in G1 at which a cell commits to initiate DNA synthesis and complete the cycle. |
| How many chromosomes does a human cell have in G1? | 46 distinct chromosomes. |
| What happens to chromatids during S phase? | Chromosomes replicate, so the cell ends S phase with twice as many chromatids as chromosomes present in G1. |
| What is a sister chromatid? | One of the two replicated copies of a chromosome, joined to its sister at the centromeric region. |
| What is a dyad? | A replicated chromosome consisting of a pair of sister chromatids. |
| What is a monad? | A single chromatid as a distinct unit. |
| Why is the term chromosome relative to cell-cycle stage? | In G1 and late M it refers to the equivalent of one chromatid; in G2 and early M it refers to a pair of sister chromatids. |
| What is mitosis used for? | Ordinary growth, repair, and replacement; it is an asexual process. |
| In which cells does mitosis occur, according to the slides? | Somatic cells and during early germline development. |
| What is the outcome of mitosis in a diploid cell? | One division produces two diploid daughter cells. |
| What is karyokinesis? | Division of the nucleus. |
| What is cytokinesis? | Division of the cytoplasm. |
| What are the five stages of mitosis in order? | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| What happens to chromatin during prophase? | It shortens and thickens, forming condensed chromosomes. |
| What happens to the nuclear envelope and nucleolus in prophase? | The nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleolus/nucleoli disappear. |
| What happens to centrosomes during prophase? | They migrate to opposite cell poles. |
| What is the mitotic spindle made of? | Microtubules. |
| How are microtubules formed? | By rapid polymerization of tubulin proteins. |
| What do astral microtubules do? | Help position the spindle apparatus. |
| What do polar microtubules do? | Help push the spindle poles away from each other. |
| What do kinetochore microtubules do? | Attach to kinetochores bound to chromosome centromeres. |
| What happens during prometaphase? | Spindle microtubules capture sister-chromatid kinetochores; the two kinetochores of a pair attach to microtubules from opposite poles. |
| What happens if a spindle microtubule does not contact a kinetochore? | It depolymerizes and retracts toward the centrosome. |
| What happens during metaphase? | Chromosomes reach maximum contraction and sister-chromatid pairs align at the metaphase plate. |
| What happens during anaphase? | The centromeric region divides and sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes moving to opposite poles. |
| What happens to kinetochore microtubules during anaphase? | They shorten as chromosomes move toward opposite poles. |
| What happens to polar microtubules during anaphase? | They lengthen, moving the poles farther apart. |
| How do motor proteins help chromosome movement? | They use energy from ATP hydrolysis to aid movement of sister chromatids toward opposite poles. |
| What happens during telophase? | Chromosomes reach the poles, uncoil into diffuse chromatin, nuclear membranes reform, and spindle fibers disappear. |
| How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells? | A cleavage furrow develops. |
| How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells? | A cell plate develops between the daughter cells. |
| What are coenocytic cells? | Cells in which cytokinesis is deferred or absent; the slides note that they are common in fungi. |
| What is the significance of mitosis for chromosome number? | It maintains a constant chromosome number in daughter cells. |
| How does mitosis support multicellularity? | Repeated mitosis and cytokinesis enable growth and development of multicellular organisms. |
Created by:
KristenR2025