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EAS 2250 P1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A sedimentary rock is... | a rock formed through the lithification (consolidation) of sediments |
| An igneous rock is... | a rock formed from magma or lava |
| A metamorphic rock is... | a rock formed from heat or pressure being applied to an existing sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rock |
| Plutonic igneous rocks | cool deep within the Earth. Texture: grains large enough to be visible (due to slow cooling) |
| Volcanic igneous rocks | cool on or near the Earth's surface. Texture: grains are very fi |
| Felsic igneous rocks | are HIGH in silica content (lighter/less dense) |
| Mafic igneous rocks | are LOW in silica content (heavier/denser) |
| High energy depositional environments | Form sedimentary rocks with large (or small) grains |
| Low energy depositional environments | Form sedimentary rocks with small grains |
| Clastic sedimentary rocks consist of... | rock fragments held together by cement |
| Biological sedimentary rocks consist of... | shells grown by organisms, or carbon-rich relics of plants/other organisms |
| Chemical sedimentary rocks consist of... | minerals that precipitated out of water |
| Foliated metamorphic rocks | are morphed by direct pressure applied to them. show cleavage |
| Non-foliated metamorphic rocks | are not formed through direct pressure |
| Arkosic sedimentary provenance | arkose |
| Lithic sedimentary provenance | |
| Common minerals in metamorphic rocks: | |
| Common minerals in igneous rocks: | Quartz, feldspar, mica, pyroxene, ambiphole, olivine |
| A mineral is... | |
| A rock is... | an aggregate of minerals. |
| Potassium Feldspar | Color/Luster: pink opaque; vitreous/glassy Hardness: 6/10 Cleavage: |
| Quartz | Color/Luster: transparent colorless; vitreous/glassy Hardness: 7/10 Cleavage: |
| Mica | Fracture: sheets |
| Pyroxene | Color/Luster: dark green opaque; vitreous/glassy Hardness: 6/10 Cleavage: |
| Amphibole | Luster: Hardness: Cleavage: |
| Calcite | Luster: colorless transparent; vitreous/glassy Hardness: 3/10 Cleavage: |
| A mineral that could be easily scratched by a fingernail would have a value of about ______ on the Mohs scale. | 2 or lower |
| Talc is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 1 |
| Gypsum is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 2 |
| Calcite is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 3 |
| Fluorite is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 4 |
| Apatite is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 5 |
| Orthoclase is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 6 |
| Quartz is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 7 |
| Topaz is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 8 |
| Corundum is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 9 |
| Diamond is a _ on the Mohs hardness scale. | 10 |
| The defining qualities of a mineral are: | luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, streak, density, crystal habit |
| The Universe is approximately __ years, or __ Ga old. | 13.8 billion, 13.8 |
| The Earth is approximately __ years or __ Ga old. | 4.54 billion, 4.54 |
| The Earth's radius is approximately _____. | 6,371 kilometers |
| The chemical layers of the Earth consist of the _____, _____, and _____. | crust, mantle, core |
| The mechanical layers of the Earth are the ____, ____, ____, and ____. | lithosphere (solid), asthenosphere (weak, flows), outer corse (liquid), inner core (solid) |
| Volcanic lahars (flows) are ___ and consist of ______. | slow, water-rich volcanic debris |
| Pyroclastic volcanic flows are ___ and ___, and consist of ___ and ____. | hot, fast moving, gas, volcanic particles |
| Shield volcanoes are _____ and are formed by ____ and _____. | broad, gentle slopes; basaltic effusive eruptions; low-viscosity lava |
| Stratovolcanoes are _____ and are formed by _____. | explosive eruptions, high viscosity lava |
| Cinder cones (volcanoes) are with ____ eruptions | small and monogenetic; mafic to intermediate explosive eruptions |
| The formation of convergent boundaries causes an overall ______ in lithosphere area. | decrease |
| The formation of divergent boundaries causes an overall ______ in lithosphere area and | increase |
| Transform boundaries are caused by ______. | vertical sliding of plates against each other |
| Decompression melting occurs as ______ and ______. | pressure rises, mantle decreases |
| Flux (dehydration) melting occurs when _______. | volatiles lower the solidus |
| Where can slope failure occur (and cause landslides)? | on land or underwater |
| New oceanic crust forms near the ocean's ______ and moves ____ the ridge. This means the youngest seafloor is _______, and ______ as you move away from it. | ridges, away from, near the ridges, increases |
| Plate tectonics are caused by mantle convection, which consists of the _____ and ____ of mantle, where hotter rock _____ and cooler rock ______. | deformation, flow, rises, sinks |
| Silicate structures exist in a ____ structure and consist of _ silicon atom(s) and _ oxygen atom(s) | tetrahedra, 1, 4 |
| During ocean-ocean convergence (a form of subduction), _____ lithosphere is more likely to sink. | older, colder, generally denser |
| Earth's magnetic field is caused by _____ in the electrically conducting _____. This field _____ polarity. ______ can record the direction of the field during cooling. | convection and fluid motion, liquid outer core, reverses, ferromagnetic materials in ocean basalt |
| Transgression describes ______ shoreline migration, commonly associated with sea level ______. | landward, rise |
| Regression describes _____ shoreline migration. | seaward |
| A regressive sealine would have ______ on top, with _____ on the bottom. | sandstone, limestone |
| Common minerals in sedimentary rocks: | quartz, feldspar, clays, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite |
| In the first few minutes after the Big Bang, _, _, _, and _ were formed, with ______ elements coming later. | H, He, Be, Li (traces); heavier |
| _______ preserve the evidence of very early (~3 Ga) Earth processes. | Zircon crystals |
| _______ are used to date the formation of the solar system. | Chondrite meteorites |
| How does the transit method detect exoplanet movement? | measures periodic dips in a star's brightness when a planet crosses its disk |
| How do radial-velocity measurements measure. a star's motion? | detect motion induced by an orbiting planet |
| Normal faults are formed by ______. | extension |
| Reverse and thrust faults are formed by _____. | compression |
| Strike-slip faults are formed by ______. | shear stress |
| Oblique-slip faults are formed by _____ and _____ movement. | vertical, horizontal |
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