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A&P Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What gives a nail its hardness? | Keratin |
| What organelle serves to transfer pigment from melanocytes to nearby keratinocytes? | Melanosomes |
| Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing__________. | skin cancer |
| When does inflammation occur? | In response to injury or infection |
| Which of the following describes a feature of the epidermis? | It lacks blood vessels. (Avascular) |
| The body loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by the process of__________. | Convection |
| Which correctly describes the thickness of the two indicated structures? | The dermis is typically thicker than the epidermis. |
| Katy doesn't adjust the needle depth setting on the tattoo machine properly. As a result, the ink is only deposited into the dermis in some spots, while much of it is deposited into the lower layers of the epidermis. What will happen to the tattoo? | In about a month or so, the ink deposited into the epidermis will be gone. |
| How do merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands? | Merocrine glands release a watery secretion while sebaceous glands release an oily secretion. |
| Excessive collagen production during wound healing results in__________. | scar formation |
| At the ankle joint, what movement causes the foot and toes to move farther from the shin? | Plantar flexion |
| Which of the following is not associated with spongy bone? | Osteons |
| What materials are used to build artificial joints? | Silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints |
| What is the acetabulum? | A depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur |
| Which of the following does not describe the function(s) of the skeletal system? | It generates the movements of the limbs. |
| A patient has a condition in which collagen fibers are incorrectly manufactured and are non-functional. Which types of joints will be most heavily affected? | Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints |
| What is a compound fracture? | A broken bone exposed to the outside |
| Which of the following is not a function of bones? | Contraction |
| The degenerative joint disease osteoarthritis may develop as a result of damage to the__________. | articular cartilage |
| A suture is an example of what kind of joint? | Fibrous joint |
| Bones of a synovial joint are held together by__________. | a joint capsule |
| Cells that remove excess bone tissue after fracture repair are__________. | osteoclasts and phagocytes |
| Which of the following is an example of an intramembranous bone(s)? | Bones of the cranium |
| What does the synovial membrane secrete? | Synovial fluid |
| Red bone marrow functions in the formation of__________. | red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint? | Symphysis |
| Endochondral ossification__________, whereas intramembranous ossification__________. | replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone |
| Where on a long bone is articular cartilage found? | On the outer surface of the epiphyses |
| Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnoses a torn meniscus. What joint has Greg injured? | Knee joint |
| At the ankle joint, what movement that brings the foot closer to the shin? | Dorsiflexion |
| What is a threshold stimulus? | Minimum stimulus strength required to contract a muscle fiber |
| What is the name of the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle? | Epimysium |
| Myofibrils are composed primarily of__________. | actin and myosin |
| What is the location of the buccinator muscle? | Cheek |
| Botulism results from ingestion of a toxin produced by a type of bacterium. Along with other symptoms, it causes a type of paralysis in which the muscles cannot contract. Why does this paralysis occur? | The toxin prevents release of acetylcholine. |
| What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers? | Organization of components of the sarcomeres |
| What term describes a muscle that opposes a particular action? | Antagonist |
| Which statement describes a sarcomere? | A segment of a muscle fiber |
| What is the function of creatine phosphate? | It supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP. |
| What is the tissue type of the epidermis? | stratified squamous epithelium. |
| What is the tissue type of the dermis? | Fibrous connective and dense irregular connective tissue |
| What is the tissue type of the hypodermis? | Adipose and loose areolar connective tissue. |
| What is the function of melanocytes? | To produce and distribute melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes |
| What are Langerhans cells? | Macrophage/immune cells that detect and fight invading pathogens. |
| What are Merkel cells? | Sensory receptor cells associated with light touch. |
| What is a special feature of the epidermis? | It contains a water barrier. |
| What are the 5 sublayers of the epidermis? | Stratum Corneum, Luicidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale |
| What does the dermis contain? | Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, muscles, and sensory nerve endings. |
| What are Fibroblasts | The primary cell type responsible for synthesizing collagen and elastin fibers. |
| What are the function are adipocytes? | Store energy reserves |
| Where is melanin produced? | Basal layer of the epidermis |
| What are the functions of the skin? | Protection against UV and pathogens, regulate temperature, Sensations, Vitamin D production |
| How do the skin produce heat | Metabolism |
| What is one way the body releases heat | Evaporation (Sudoriferous glands) |
| What part of the brain controls temperature? | The hypothalamus |
| What are some examples of physiological processes that assist with decreasing body temperature. | Blood Vessel dilation, Sweating, Arrector Pilli Relaxation |
| What are some examples of physiological processes that assist with increasing body temperature. | Blood vessel constriction, Stopping Sweat Production, Goosebumps, and shivering. |
| What happens during inflammation? | Blood vessels dialate, white blood vessels and macrophages production increase and enter site of wound, and new tissue begins to grow |
| Difference between shallow and deep cuts? | Shallow cuts reach into the epidermis, while deep cuts reach into dermis, hypodermis, or lower. |
| What are the sequence that seals a deep wound? | Vascular Spasm (Constriction), platelet plug forms, and coagulation |
| How and Why do we form scars | Fibroblasts rush to the area to lay down massive amounts of collagen to close the gap as fast as possible, causing scars; they form because the body prioritizes speed and structural integrity over cosmetics |
| What layer does 1st degree burns (superficial burn) affect and what are the descriptions of it? | Epidermis; Red, dry and painful with no blisters |
| What layer does 2nd degree burns (Partial-Thickness burn) affect and what are the descriptions of it? | All of the Epidermis and extends to the dermis; swollen, skin looks bright red or white, and blisters develop |
| What layer does 3rd degree burns (Full-Thickness burn) affect and what are the descriptions of it? | All layers of the skin; skin may be bright white, charred, dark, and feelings will be numb |
| What life-span changes in the integumentary system. | Skin gets thinner, less elastic, and has less functionality. |
| Function of bones? | Provide support, protect internal organs, produce blood cells, store minerals |
| What are the tissues of the bones? | Osseous tissue, cartilage, Bone Marrow, Periosteum |
| What are the functions of Osteoblasts? | They synthesize and secrete the organic portion of the bone matrix |
| What are the function of Osteoclasts? | They secrete specialized acids and lysosomal enzymes to dissolve the mineralized matrix and digest collagen |
| Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral bones | Intramembranous Ossification is the direct conversion of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue sheets into bone, while endochondral is the replacement of a pre-existing hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue. |
| Significance of the Epiphyseal Plate? | It is the sole engine for longitudinal bone growth |
| The effect of sunlight regarding bone development? | The skin produces Vitamin D, which is essential because it allows the small intestine to absorb calcium. |
| What are the two different types of fractures in the human bones? | Closed (Simple): The bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin. Open (Compound): The broken bone ends pierce through the skin, creating a high risk of infection. |
| What are the three different ways a bone may fracture? | Greenstick: An incomplete break where one side of the bone bends and the other cracks Comminuted: The bone is shattered or splintered into three or more pieces Transverse: A straight line across the bone |
| What are the 4 stages of fracture healing | Hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous, and Bony Callus Formation, and bone remodelling |
| Describe how bones of fibrous joints are held together | Directly by dense fibrous connective tissue rich in collagen |
| Describe how bones of cartilaginous joints are held together | By using hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage without any joint cavity present between them. |
| T/F: A synovial joint is a freely movable joint characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule | True |
| What is the articular cartilage? | A thin layer of smooth hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends where they meet; this reduces friction during movement and absorbs shock |
| What is the Articular Capsule (Joint Capsule)? | A sleeve-like structure that surrounds the joint and unites the articulating bones |
| What is the Synovial Cavity? | The narrow, fluid-filled space between the adjacent articulating bones. |
| Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints. | contracting, shortening, and pulling on tendons attached to bone |
| identify several types of joint movements. | angular, gliding, rotational, and special movements |
| What type is the elbow joint? | Uniaxial hinge joint |
| What type is the hip joint? | Multiaxial ball-and-socket joint. |
| What type is the Jaw Joint? | Modified hinge (condylar/gliding) joint. |
| What type is the Knee Joint? | Largest modified hinge joint |
| What are the primary movements of the hip joint? | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. |
| Describe life-span changes in joints. | Decreased Synovial Fluid, Cartilage Thinning, Rigid Ligaments and Tendons, and Muscle Weakness |
| Compare and contrast Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. | Osteoarthritis is a degenerative "wear-and-tear"; mechanical breakdown of articular cartilage over time. Rheumatoid is a autoimmune disease that mistakenly attacks the healthy synovial membrane lining the joint. |
| What is the Sarcolemma | The plasma membrane of the muscle fiber; It protects the cell, regulates the entry and exit of ions and nutrients, and conducts electrical signals that trigger contraction. |
| What is Sarcoplasm | The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber; It holds the cell's organelles, proteins, glycogen (for energy storage), and myoglobin |
| What is Sarcomere? | The basic functional unit of a myofibril, spanning from one Z-line to the next. The interaction between actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments) inside the sarcomere generates muscle force. |
| Describe the neural control of skeletal muscle contraction | contraction is controlled by the central nervous system through alpha motor neurons |
| Identify the major events of skeletal muscle fiber contraction | Neuromuscular signal, excitation-contraction coupling, the cross-bridge cycle (sliding filament theory), and relaxation. |
| List the energy sources for skeletal muscle fiber contraction | ATP, Phosphate, Anaerobic Glycolysis, and Aerobic Respiration |
| Describe how a muscle may become fatigued | Either by Central fatigue or peripheral fatigue |
| Where does Central fatigue occur? | In the central Nervous System |
| Where does perpipheral fatigue occur? | Inside the Muscle Fibers |
| Where do Skeletal muscles attach to? | The skeleton via connective tissues called tendons |
| Muscles are positioned across ___________________ | Synovial Joints |
| What is the Prime mover of the muscles? | Agonist |
| Which mover has the opposite action of the prime mover. | Antagonist |
| The origon is the ____ movable anchor point | less |
| Which is the movable attachment point on the bone that is actively pulled. | Insertion |
| What is the lever of the muscles? | The Bone |
| What is the fulcrum of the muscles? | The joints |
| What is the function of Pectoralis Major | Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder |
| Function of Trapezius | Elevates, depresses, retracts, and stabilizes the scapula |
| Function of Deltoid | Abducts the arm at the shoulder |
| Function of Gastrocnemius and soleus | Plantarflexes the foot (pointing toes/calf raises); gastrocnemius also assists in knee flexion |
Created by:
Angel Guerrero