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Cell Bio Exam 1 Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is accuracy and how is it quantitatively calculated? | Accuracy measures how close an experimental mean is to the true or expected value. Formula: Percent Error = [ (Actual Mean - Expected Value) / Expected Value ] * 100 |
| What is precision and how is it quantified in the lab? | Precision measures the reproducibility across replicate samples. Quantified by Standard Deviation (SD) or Coefficient of Variance (CV) where CV = (SD / Mean) * 100. A CV < 1% indicates high precision; CV > 5% indicates poor precision |
| What threshold p-value indicates a statistically significant difference between experimental groups? | p < 0.05 (less than a 5% probability that observed differences are due to random chance), tested via Student's t-test or ANOVA |
| What is Beer's Law and its mathematical equation? | Beer's Law states that light absorbance (A) is directly proportional to particle concentration (c). Equation: A = e * b * c (where e = molar absorptivity, b = light path length, and c = concentration) |
| What equation is used to calculate solution dilutions? | C1 * V1 = C2 * V2, where C1 and V1 are the initial concentration and volume, and C2 and V2 are the final concentration and total volume |
| What does the R^2 value from linear regression indicate? | R^2 is the correlation coefficient reporting the reliability of a linear relationship between two variables; values closer to 1 indicate a strong linear fit |
| What is the difference between magnification and resolution? | Magnification is the enlargement of an image (Objective Lens * Ocular Lens). Resolution is the ability to distinguish two closely spaced points as separate entities, determined by light wavelength |
| What are the 5 major classes of cell stains and an example of each? | Vital: Stains dead cells (Trypan Blue) Simple: Shows cell shape (Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet) Differential: Finds cell wall types (Gram Stain) Complex: Stains by charge/pH (H&E, Wright's) Specific: Specific molecules (Sudan Black - lipids) |
| What are the 4 primary animal tissue classes and their main functions? | Epithelial: Protective barrier and lining Connective: Connects, supports, and forms matrix (bone, cartilage, blood) Muscle: Contraction and mechanical movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) Nervous: Signal transmission (neurons with axons/dendrites) |
| Which organellar and structural features distinguish plant cells from animal cells? | Plant cells have a rigid cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole |
| What are the 3 plant tissue systems and their primary functions? | Ground Tissue: Bulk of the plant; includes photosynthesizing mesophyll. Dermal Tissue: Protective outer covering regulating gas exchange via stomata/guard cells. Vascular Tissue: Transport system; xylem carries water, phloem carries sugars/nutrients |
| What essential culture conditions must an incubator simulate for in vitro eukaryotic cell growth? | Physiological temperature (37°C), controlled CO2 levels (to maintain pH buffering), and high humidity |
| What enzyme is used to detach adherent cells during passaging and how does it work? | Trypsin (a serine protease) cleaves extracellular matrix proteins and integrin cell-adhesion receptors, releasing adherent cells into suspension |
| What is the formula for calculating cell concentration using a hemocytometer? | Cells/mL = (Total Cells Counted * Dilution Factor * 1000 mm^3/mL) / (# Squares Counted * 1 mm^2 * 0.1 mm) |
| How does Trypan Blue staining measure cell viability? | Live cells with intact plasma membranes exclude the dye and appear clear/colorless. Dead cells with compromised membranes absorb the dye and stain blue. Percent Viability = (Live Cells / Total Cells) * 100 |
| How do bile detergents like sodium deoxycholate affect cultured cells? | Detergents dissolve lipid plasma membranes, causing cell lysis and complete loss of membrane integrity |
| What is the physical principle behind fluorescence microscopy emission? | Fluorophores absorb short-wavelength (higher energy) excitation light, exciting electrons. As electrons decay back to ground state, energy is dissipated as light emitted at a longer wavelength (lower energy) |
| What are the cellular targets and emission colors of DAPI and Alexa Fluor 594-phalloidin? | DAPI: Binds AT-rich regions of DNA in the nucleus, emitting blue fluorescence. Alexa Fluor 594-Phalloidin: Binds filamentous actin (F-actin) in the cytoskeleton, emitting red fluorescence |
| What is the mechanism of action of Taxol (Paclitaxel)? | Taxol stabilizes microtubules and prevents their depolymerization, freezing the mitotic spindle and halting cell division in mitosis |
| How do Cytochalasin D and Latrunculin B disrupt the cell cytoskeleton? | Both drugs target actin microfilaments, promoting F-actin depolymerization/disassembly and disrupting cell shape and motility |
| What is the main structural feature of Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy? | Uses a pinhole aperture to block out-of-focus fluorescent light from outside the focal plane, generating crisp optical sections for 3D digital reconstruction |
| What are the functions of Formaldehyde and Triton X-100 during cell staining preparation? | Formaldehyde: Fixative that cross-links proteins and freezes cellular structure. Triton X-100: Non-ionic detergent that permeabilizes plasma membranes so fluorescent probes can enter the cell |
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