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BIO 186 EXAM 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define heterotrophs. | Organism that gets energy from consuming other plants, animals, or organic matter. |
| What defines kingdom animalia? | Heterotrophs and multicellular |
| What were the first animals to appear? | sponges and coral |
| When was the Paleozoic era? | 541-252mya |
| When was the Mesozoic era? | 252-66mya |
| When was the cenozoic era? | 66mya-present day |
| What are the different types of animal symmetry? | Bilateral, Spherical, and Radial. |
| What kind of symmetry did early animals exhibit? | Radial/no symmetry. |
| Most animals on earth have ______________ symmetry. | Bilateral. |
| The development of a head is called: | Cephalization. |
| Draw a base tree with early animals, Deuterostomia, lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa. | ... |
| What are all three possible germ layers called? | There are a total of three possible germ layers; the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. |
| What does the ectoderm develop into? | The outside surface of animals of animals ie. skin, fur, hair, etc. |
| What does the mesoderm develop into? | Forms the muscles and organs. |
| What does the endoderm devloup into? | The innermost layer of the digestive tract, and lining of organs. |
| Diploblasts are...... | Animals with only an Endo and Ectoderm |
| Triploblasts are.... | Animals with an Endo and Ectoderm, as well as a mesoderm. |
| How cells divide gives insight into whether animals are ___________ or _________________. | Protostomes or Deuterostomes. |
| Spiral cleavage is to ____________ as Radial cleavage is to ______________. | Protostomes, Deuterostomes. |
| What are lophotrochozoans? | Animals with lophophore, tentacles, and and trochophore larvae. |
| Sponges diverged __________ mya. | 600 |
| Define sessile. | Animals that are attached to a substrate and do not freely move. |
| Describe the anatomy of a sponge. | Body is made of pores known as ostia. The opening at the top of the sponge is the osculum. The hallow chamber inside is the spongocoel. |
| Draw a sponge and label the anatomy. | ... |
| What are choanocytes and what do they do? | Also known as collar cells, they line the spongocoel and generate a current to pull water into a sponge and take up food particles. |
| What are amoebocytes and what do they do? | Make up the body of a sponge and transport nutrients. |
| What are filter feeders? | Animals that filter out food from particles suspended in the water. |
| How do sponges reproduce? | They are hermaphrodites that produce both the sperm and egg cells. |
| What is "spawning"? | The process of releasing gametes into the water for other organisms to fertilize. |
| Phylum porifera is part of what branch of the base tree? | Early Animals. |
| What class do 95% of sponges belong to? | Class demospongiae. |
| What is phylum Cnidaria? | Soft bodied, aquatic invertebrates like jellyfish, hydras, and sea anemones. |
| Cnidaria have two morphotypes known as __________ and __________. | Polyp and Medusa. |
| Draw polyp and medusa morphotypes. | ... |
| What are anthozoans? | Class Anthozoa, order Actiniaria that includes anemones. |
| What order do corals belong to? | Order Scleractinia. |
| Corals are... | Reef builders, home for dinoflagellates. |
| Phylum Mollusca are/have... | Bilateral, triploblastic, a head, trochophore larvea |
| Draw and label the body plan of molluscs. | ... |
| Draw and label trochophore karvae. | ... |
| Name 4 classifications of phylum Mollusca. | Polyplacophora, gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda. |
| Class Polyplacophora, also known as Chilton, means | "Bearing Plate" |
| Polyplacophora are found in _____________ zones and have transformed their mantle into _______________ to ___________. | Intertidal, a ring to suction to rocks |
| What defines gastropods? | A singe-spiraled shell and the ability to be on land. |
| What defines glass Bivalia? | Shell divided in 2 halves. |
| What is suspension feeding? | The mechanism of which filter feeding works. |
| What defines cephalopods? | Active predators with a reduced shell. |
| What are Ecdysozoa? | Animals that undergo ecdysis, the process of molting or shedding a cuticle. |
| Phylum Nematoda are____________. | parasites |
| Phylum anthropoda are ___________. | Animals with jointed feet. |
| Describe the body plan of arthropods. | Cuticle made of proteins, segments called tagmata, and front half segments called cephalothorax. |
| What are the three subphyla of anthropoda | Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and Pancrustacea. |
| Ticks and spiders fall under subphylum ______________. | Chelicerata. |
| Centipedes and millipedes fall under subphylum _______________. | Myriapoda. |
| Crustaceans and insects fall under subphylum _____________________. | Pancrustacea. |
| Characteristics of Osteichthyes. | Boney fishes, swim bladder, scales that produce a slimy mucus. |
| Characteristics of Chondrichthyans. | Skeleton of cartilage, fast swimmers, active predators, buoyancy from storing oil in liver |
| Characteristics of Cyclostomata. | Jawless, eel-like body |
| What clade is phylum chordata a part of? | Dueterostomia. |
| What makes a chordate? | 1) Notochord 2)Dorsal hallow nerve chord 3)Pharyngeal slits 4)Muscular post-anal tail |
| Draw and label a chordate | ... |
| What does tetrapod fall under? | Oseichthyes |
| Describe characteristics of tetrapods. | Four feet, head separated from body by neck, internal skeleton and backbone to support body weight on land |
| What is Boyles Law? | The volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas. |
| When did Osteichthyes move to land? | In the devonian |
| What challenges did animals face once moving to land? | Increased O2 content, less density, and air temp fluctuations. |
| What animal is famous for moving to land? | Tiktaalik |
| What are amphibians | Animals that can live in both water and land, and can use skin, lungs, or gills for gas exchange. |
| What are amniotes? | Reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
| Draw and label anapsid skull. What animals does this belong to? | ... Early ancestors |
| Draw and label synapsid skull. What animals does this belong to? | ...Mammalia |
| Draw and label diapsid skull. What animals does this belong to? | ... reptiles. |
| When was the age of the reptiles? | Mesozoic era. |
| Lizard hipped dinosaurs are known as _______________. | Saurischia. |
| Bird hipped dinosaurs are known as ___________________. | Ornithischia. |
| "Cold blooded" is actually _____________. | Ectothermy |
| "Warm blooded" is actually _______________. | Endothermy |
| What was the extinction even that killed the dinosaurs called? | The Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event |
| What proof do we have that an asteroid is what killed the dinosaurs? | Layer of iridium in rock layers. |
| What animal is thought to be the first animal to proceed the ability of flight? | Archaeopteryx Lithographica |
| What is the trees down theory? | The theory that flight originated from animals gliding downwards after climbing to a high point. |
| What is the flapping wings threory? | The theory that flight occurred from animals continuously trying to flap their wings. |
| What are characteristics of mammalia? | Mammary glands, hair, endothermic, extended parental care, and heterodonty. |
| What are three clades under mammalia? | Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutherians. |
| What clade are humans a part of? | Eutherians |
| What are humans living sister taxa? | Chimpanzees |
| What genus do humans fall under? | Genus Homo |
| What early human was the first to obtain bipedalism? | Austrlopithecus Affricanus |
| When did Homo Neanderthalensis diverge? | 450,000 years ago |
| When did homo sapiens diverge? | 200,000 years ago. |
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