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Phonatory System
SLP 108
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| main organ | larynx |
| larynx | produces sound, contains vocal folds |
| phonatory source of sound | air pressure causes vocal folds to vibrate (periodic noise) |
| periodic noise | vibration of the vocal folds, voiced sounds /g, b, d/, all vowels |
| supraglottal source of sound | air pressure builds up behind vocal tract closures and is released, no vibration (aperiodic noise), above glottis/vocal folds |
| stop consonant production | supraglottal/aperiodic, sound is held back then suddenly released (ex. /g, p, d/) |
| fricative consonant production | air is forced through narrow constrictions causing an obstruction of sound (ex. "th" and "v" sound) |
| myoelastic aerodynamic theory | muscles bring together vocal folds to establish tension and elasticity (allows folds to stretch and return to original position in each cycle) derived from subglottal pressure that sets vocal folds into motion |
| fundamental frequency | pitch, number of vocal-fold cycles per second, varies across speakers, depends on size of vibrating mass, controlled by length of vocal folds |
| men | big vocal tract, lower pitch, lower f0, midsized vocal folds, 125 hz |
| women/children | smaller vocal tracts, higher pitch, higher f0, stretched vocal folds, 200-300 hz |
| aperiodic noise | no vibration of vocal folds, voiceless sounds /f, t, s/ |
| laryngeal skeleton | 1 bone, 9, cartilages, what makes up the larynx |
| hyoid bone | u-shaped, forms attachment for tongue, creates cartilaginous framework for larynx, lies between jaw & larynx |
| thyroid cartilage | unpaired, largest cartilage, 2 plates fused at the front of larynx, "Adam's apple" (as boys reach puberty, their vocal tract expands and this becomes visible) |
| cricoid cartilage | unpaired, narrow in front and flares to a large square plate in back (ring shaped), located below thyroid cartilage above trachea |
| epiglottis | unpaired, attached to surface of thyroid cartilage, directs food to the esophagus and not trachea, covers trachea to protect it as the body swallows |
| arytenoid cartilages | paired (2), play a crucial role in phonation, attached to vocal folds, controls vocal folds along with muscles |
| phonation | making sound in the larynx |
| cricoarytenoid joints | articulation between base of each arytenoid and surface of cricoid, allows wide range of motion to arytenoids by gliding in a rocking motion, helps open and close vocal folds only to produce voiced sounds |
| adduction | vocal folds come together, voiced sounds, uses interarytenoid muscles and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (assist) |
| abduction | vocal folds separate, voiceless sounds/breathing, uses posteriod cricoarytenoid muscles |
| cricothyroid joint | joins thyroid and cricoid cartilages together, allows thyroid to tilt downward or cricoid to tilt upwards, main agents of fundamental frequency (helps increase distance between arytenoid & cricoid cartilage to stretch folds) |
| aryepiglottic folds | pulls epiglottis backward towards larynx during swallowing, protecting the trachea |
| false/ventricular folds | valve, limited movement, lie below aryepiglottic folds, close during swallowing & open during phonation |
| laryngeal ventricle | valve, small space separating false from true vocal folds, contains glands that produce mucus to keep larynx moist |
| true vocal folds (cover-body model) | most complex valve, 5 layers - thyroarytenoid muscle, 3 layers of mucous membrane, 1 layer of epithelium |
| body and cover have... | different vibratory properties due to their structure |
| cover | epithelium part of vocal folds (soft, flexible, outer layer) |
| body | muscle that supports and controls vocal folds (deeper, stiffer), thyroarytenoid muscle |
| lateral cricothyroid muscle (LCA) | intrinsic muscle of the larynx that brings together vocal folds |
| interarytenoid muscle | intrinsic muscle of the larynx composed of fibers that adducts vocal folds |
| Bernoulli principle | inverse relationship between velocity & pressure, air velocity increases as it passes thru trachea/larynx, pressure decreases between folds, vocal folds are pulled together & vibrate |
| larynx functions | controls airflow in & out of lungs, increases intrathoracic pressure during exertion, coughing, etc. |
| vocal folds | run from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages from front to back, above trachea, part of larynx, surround glottis, behind false vocal folds |
| recurrent laryngeal nerve | attached to muscles, gives them command to contract (pull vocal folds apart/bring them together) |
| swallowing | larynx rises up, allowing epiglottis to cover trachea |
| alaryngeal speech | surgical removal of larynx requires speaker to use other structures or a prosthetic as a sound source (no vocal folds to make vibrations) |
| stuttering | simultaneous contraction of abductor and adductor muscles that cause delayed phonation |
| breathiness | incomplete vocal fold adduction |
| hoarseness | irregularities in laryngeal tissues (ex. swelling) |
Created by:
tcs2819