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BIO CHAPTER 4
BIO Lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | Smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all the necessary functions including reproducing cells. |
| 2 Parts of Cell Theory | 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. All cells arise from other cells |
| 2 Types of Cells... | Prokaryotic, and Eukaryotic |
| Prokaryotic | Bacteria and Archea, single cell organisms, older and smaller, all SINGLE CELLED organisms, one chromosome, no organelles at all, no nucleus |
| Eukaryotic | Everything else than Bacteria essentially, this is your dog, you, it is larger and both single or multi-celled, multiple linear chromosomes, more complex (have organelles), nucleus |
| All Prokaryotes have... | Cell membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes |
| Additional prokaryote structures: | Cell wall, capsule, pilus, flagellum |
| In all Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytosol, and DNA |
| In both plant and animal cells: | Nucleus, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondrion, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum. cytoplasm, cytosol, golgi apparatus, lysosome, OPTIONAL: cicilia and flagella |
| ONLY IN ANIMAL | CENTRIOLES : come in pairs of protein rods involved in cell division |
| ONLY IN PLANT | Chloroplast, Cell Wall, Vacuole |
| Cell membrane | In all cells, encloses cell contents, chooses what can come in or out selectively (it is semi-permiable) and made of phospholipids |
| Cytosol | In all cells, jelly like fluid inside cell |
| DNA | In all cells, at least one or more circular loops containing genetic information, this is either in cytosol or nucleus when eukaryotic. |
| Ribosomes | In all cells, make proteins, granular bodies in the cytoplasm that converts genetic information into protein structures (from RNA-PROTEIN) |
| Cell Wall | In additional prokaryote structure, and plant eukaryotes, protects cell, and gives it its shape |
| Capsule | Prokaryote additional structure |
| Pilus | Prokaryote additional structure, Hair like projections that help cells attach to other surfaces and sometimes play a role in DNA transfer |
| Flagellum | Prokaryote/eukaryote additional structure, whip-like projection(s) that aids in cellular movement |
| Nucleus | In Eukaryotic, holds the DNA |
| Mitochondrion | In Eukaryotic, powerhouse of the cell, making glucose into ATP |
| RER | In Eukaryotic, more protein work with ribosomes on the outside |
| SER | In Eukaryotic, folded membrane that is involved in lipid creation, detoxes alcohol |
| Cytoplasm | In Eukaryotes, everything in cell except nucleus |
| Cytoskeleton | In Eukaryotes, consists of a lot of little protein fibers that crisscross the cell |
| Golgi apparatus | Eukaryotic, flattened sacks of membrane that modify products exported out of the cell |
| Lysosome | Eukaryotic, little stomachs |
| Cilia | Additional Eukar. structure, velvety covering that coordinates movement with their swim hairs. |
| Chloroplasts | PLANT only, involved in photosynthesis C02 and water into glucose with sunlight |
| Vacuole | Plant ONLY, water reservoir |
| Tonic | Solute concentration |
| 3 types of tonicities | Hyper- More greater, higher, above (loves water) Iso- Equal flow, no net movement Hypo- Less, lower, below (hates water) |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | A mosaic of molecules loosely imbedded in the plasma membrane and performs important functions |
| Cholesterol | Helps the membrane retain its flexibility of lipids at varying temperatures |
| Types of proteins | Receptor (binds something to them and chemical reaction occurs), Recognition (self markers, way for the immune system to recognize your cells as a part of you), Transport (provides a passageway for molecules through the cell membrane) |
| 3 Types of Transporter Proteins | Channel proteins (like a tunnel) Carriers (grab something specific), pump (requires energy unlike the rest) |
| Passive Transporter | Requires NO ADDITIONAL ENERGY 1. Simple Diffusion: moving from a concentrated region to a less concentrated region eith NO barrier 2. Facilitative Diffusion: a barrier and the molecules need a little help getting actress, uses channels or carriers 3. O |
| Active Transport | Requires energy typically in the form of ATP (pumps) |
| Solution | =Solute(salt)+solvent(water) |
| Solutes Dissolve... | from hypertonic to hypotonic |
| Solvents Dissolve... | from hypotonic to hypertonic |
| Moving up | from low to high |
| Moving down | from high to low |
| Phospholipids in the mosaic model | primary thing |
| Endocytosis | Bulk movement into a cell |
| Phagocytosis | Type of Endocytosis, takes in solids |
| Pinocytosis | Type of endocytosis, takes in liquids |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | EX. HIV/Aids, polio |
| Exocytosis | Bulk movement out of the cell |
| Hydrophilic Head | POLAR, strong charge |
| Hydrophobic Tails | NONPOLAR, no charge |
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