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week 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chest discomfort caused by transient myocardial ischemia without myocardial necrosis. | Angina pectoris |
| Chest pain that follows a predictable pattern, usually with exertion, and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. | Stable angina |
| New, worsening, or unpredictable chest pain that may occur at rest and requires urgent evaluation. | Unstable angina |
| Angina caused by transient coronary artery vasospasm, often occurring at rest. | Variant angina (Prinzmetal angina) |
| A nitrate medication that causes vasodilation, decreases preload, and reduces myocardial oxygen demand. | Nitroglycerin |
| Medications such as sildenafil and tadalafil that must not be combined with nitrates because they may cause severe hypotension. | PDE-5 inhibitors |
| Irreversible myocardial injury and necrosis caused by prolonged myocardial ischemia. | Myocardial infarction (MI) |
| Myocardial infarction characterized by ST-segment elevation on ECG, often associated with acute coronary occlusion. | STEMI |
| Myocardial infarction without persistent ST-segment elevation, with elevated cardiac biomarkers. | NSTEMI |
| A diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of the heart. | Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
| Highly sensitive biomarkers used to identify myocardial injury. | Cardiac troponins |
| A cardiac biomarker that may be useful in selected cases, including assessment of possible reinfarction. | CK-MB |
| A catheter-based procedure used to restore blood flow through narrowed or obstructed coronary arteries. | Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) |
| A procedure that opens a narrowed coronary artery using a balloon catheter. | Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) |
| A small mesh tube inserted into a coronary artery to help maintain vessel patency. | Coronary stent |
| Medications that prevent platelets from clumping together and help reduce thrombus formation. | Antiplatelet agents |
| A mechanical circulatory support device that inflates during diastole and deflates before systole. | Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) |
| A life-threatening condition in which impaired cardiac pumping causes inadequate tissue perfusion. | Cardiogenic shock |
| A structured program involving exercise, risk-factor modification, medication adherence, and patient education after cardiovascular events. | Cardiac rehabilitation |
| A condition in which coronary arteries become narrowed or obstructed, reducing blood and oxygen supply to the myocardium. | Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
| The accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and plaque within arterial walls. | Atherosclerosis |
| A condition in which the oxygen supply to the myocardium is insufficient to meet its oxygen demand. | Myocardial ischemia |
| A diagnostic procedure that visualizes coronary arteries using contrast material. | Coronary angiography |
| A surgical procedure that creates a new route for blood flow around blocked coronary arteries. | Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) |
| A clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. | Heart failure (HF) |
| The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. | Cardiac output (CO) |
| The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each heartbeat. | Stroke volume (SV) |
| The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole, related to ventricular filling. | Preload |
| The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood. | Afterload |
| The ability of the heart muscle to contract. | Contractility |
| A hormonal system that promotes vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention when activated. | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) |
| Heart failure in which the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood into systemic circulation, causing pulmonary congestion. | Left-sided heart failure |
| Heart failure in which the right ventricle cannot effectively pump blood into the pulmonary circulation, causing systemic venous congestion. | Right-sided heart failure |
| Sudden episodes of nighttime breathlessness that awaken a patient from sleep. | Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) |
| Abnormal prominence of the jugular veins associated with increased venous pressure. | Jugular venous distention (JVD) |
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. | Ascites |
| Abnormal lung sounds that may indicate pulmonary congestion. | Crackles |
| A loop diuretic used to reduce excess fluid volume and congestion in heart failure. | Furosemide |
| Potentially life-threatening swelling of the lips, tongue, or airway that may occur with ACE inhibitor therapy. | Angioedema |
| A cardiac medication that increases myocardial contractility and decreases heart rate and AV conduction. | Digoxin |
| A potentially dangerous adverse reaction that may cause nausea, poor appetite, visual disturbances, bradycardia, and dysrhythmias. | Digoxin toxicity |
| An inflammatory disorder affecting small- and medium-sized blood vessels strongly associated with tobacco use. | Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) |
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yatteyy