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Week 1
Cellular Processes PPT and CH 1. PPT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four types of tissues | Muscular, Connective, Nervous, Epithelial |
| Muscular tissue | Movement of skeleton; beating of heart; movement of food through digestive system |
| Connective tissue | Makes up bone, cartilage, and blood; connects organs together |
| Nervous tissue | Conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal cord and nerves |
| Epithelial | Makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands |
| Nucleus | Control center; contains genetic information |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cells (can be smooth or rough) |
| Mitochondria | Converts food into ATP |
| Golgi Apparatus | Transports materials around the cell in sacs called vesicles |
| Lysosomes | Break down waste |
| Centrioles | Aid in cell division |
| Vacuoles | Store nutrients and water |
| The human body is formed of how many types of tissues and vary by what | 4; structure and function |
| What are the tissues of the human body comprised of? What do they contain? | Cells; they contain membrane-bound organelles |
| Every organelle has a ---- that contributes to the cell's purpose | function |
| Where is genetic information found within a cell | 46 chromosomes, comprised of DNA, within the nucleus |
| List the characteristics of DNA | - Double helix - Sides are made of sugar and phosphate; rungs are nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) - A --> T; C-->G (this is base pairing) - Codes for proteins (transcription and translation used to make proteins) |
| Section of DNA that codes for a protein | gene |
| Transcription | Converting DNA code into mRNA message - Same DNA template but Uracil replaces Thymine |
| Translation | mRNA strand leaves the nucleus ---> ribosome ---> location of protein production - at the START codon (first set of 3 mRNA bases) tRNA molecules brings in amino acids that match with mRNA codons - link together to make polypeptide chain --> protein |
| The ______ information of the cell is encoded in the nitrogen bases of the ____ molecules. This code can be used to form ____ through ______ and _____ | - genetic - DNA - proteins - transcription -translation |
| Mitosis | Period division in somatic (body) cells - division of chromosomes and then cytoplasm -one parent cell makes two identical daughter cells |
| Meiosis | Meiosis is the period of division in sex cells (GAMETES) - one parent cells makes four different daughter cells |
| How does the cell membrane regulate transport | Cell membrane is a specialized, semi-permeable barrier - only some substances can pass through |
| Passive transport | Diffusion of substances and osmosis (diffusion of water) are examples of passive transport processes. Passive transport means molecules move naturally from high to low concentration - NOT require energy |
| Facilitated diffusion | Larger molecules need to be facilitated across the channels made of protein |
| Active transport | Moves molecules from low to high concentration - requires energy because opposite to natural process - 2 main types: endocytosis ("into" cell) & exocytosis ("out" cell) |
| Cells divide through ____ and _____. They can transport materials across the cell ______ using _____ transport which doesn't require energy or _____ transport, which does | - mitosis - meiosis -membrane -passive -active |
| Anatomy | Study of the structure of an organism |
| Physiology | Study of how that organism's body functions |
| Developmental anatomy | Changes in the human body during growth from child to adult |
| Embryology | Study of anatomy during first 8 weeks after conception |
| Surface anatomy | Using touch on outside of the body |
| Regional anatomy | Specialized focus on one portion of the body |
| Gross anatomy | A general overview of large portions of the body at one time |
| Microscopic anatomy | Specialized focus on cells and tissues only seen with a microscope |
| Systematic anatomy | Studying one body system at a time |
| What are the levels of the organization of the human body | 1. cell (smallest unit of all living things) 2. tissue (similar cells with a common function) 3. organ (made of 2 or more types of tissues) 4. system (group of organs working toward common goal) 5. organism (highest level of structural organization) |
| How many body systems are there? Name them | 11: skeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, muscular, integumentary, lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive |
| Skeletal system: function and major organs | Function: provides support and protection, gives body shape Major organs: -bones -ligamnets -cartilage -joints |
| Nervous system: function and major organs | Function: Detects impulses from senses; control center Major organs: -brain - spinal cord - senses - nerves |
| circulatory system: function and major organs | Function: transports nutrients and gases around body Major organs: -heart -blood vessels - blood |
| Respiratory system: function and major organs | Function: Exchanges gases (oxygen &CO2) Major organs: -lungs -sinuses -diaphragm |
| Digestive system: function and major organs | Function: Breaks down and absorbs food Major organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder |
| Muscular system: function and major organs | Function: Provides movement for all parts of the body Major organs: -skeletal and smooth muscles |
| Integumentary system: function and major organs | Function: Protect the body, regulate temperature, and prevent water loss Major organs: - skin, hair, nails |
| Lymphatic system: function and major organs | Function: Fights infection and provides fluid for cells Major organs: -spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes |
| Excretory system: function and major organs | Function: Removes waste from the blood Major organs: -Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra |
| Endocrine system: function and major organs | Function: Secretes hormones Major organs: -Glands (hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, or testes) |
| Endocrine system: function and major organs | Function: Produces cells used in sexual reproduction Major organs: Female: ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands Males: testes, penis, prostate gland |
| What is anatomic position | Body is straight with feet slightly apart and thumbs pointed away from the body |
| Superficial vs Deep | Superficial: towards body surface Deep: away from body surface; more internal |
| Superior vs Inferior | Superior: cranial Inferior: caudal |
| What are the three body planes | Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane |
| Planes | Anatomical structures can be cut or section into flat surfaces (i.e. MRI scan) |
| Body cavities | Spaces that provides protection for organs within them |
| Major body cavities | Dorsal body cavity: - brain (cranial cavity) - spinal cord (vertebral cavity) Ventral body cavities - protect the visceral organs - divided into three divisions: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic |
| What are the body cavities protected by | Meninges |
| Serosa | Double-layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavities -- Inner layer: visceral serosa -- outer layer: parietal serosa -- fluid between: serous fluid |
| Name of the heart membranes | Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium - pericardial cavity (filled with fluid) is between them |
| How is the abdominal cavity organized? | Quadrants//regions to describe specific locations |
| The body can be described in three major _____. The organs are contained within the _____ and _____ body cavities. These are protected by double-layered _______. | - planes - dorsal - ventral - membranes |
Created by:
ckinney04