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Animal welfare
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Effective population size/Ne | The number of successfully breeding individuals in a population |
| Census size/ Nc | The total number of individuals in a population |
| Why is Ne different from Nc | Those who are too young or old to breed and the injured and diseased aren't counted in Ne |
| What are potential consequences of low Ne? | Inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity |
| Population fragmentation | When a population is divided into small, segmented groups |
| What are the potential consequences of population fragmentation? | Genetic drift, inbreeding, population bottlenecks |
| Population differentiation/Fst | Estimate of the degree of genetic divergence between populations |
| Scale for population differentiation | The closer the value is to 1, the more isolated the populations are |
| Population bottleneck | A sudden reduction in population size |
| What are the consequences of population bottlenecks? | A loss of genetic diversity and increase of risk for genetic drift |
| Genetic drift | One or two alleles from a mating pair are not passed forward to the next generation by chance alone |
| Does genetic drift only happen in small populations? | No, but the effects tend to be greatly amplified |
| Explain how genetic drift happens | One sperm cell unites with one egg in a fertilization event, each only carrying one chromosome so the other alleles are not passed forward |
| Founder animal | An individual selected from a breed to create a population, often happen by chance with low genetic diversity |
| How should founder animals be chosen for a breeding program? | Choose animals with the most genetic diversity |
| Inbreeding depression | Loss of fitness because of too much inbreeding, can lead to the emergence of damaging recessive alleles |
| Deleterious traits associated with inbreeding | Sterility, low birth rate, infant mortality, low birth weights, slow growth rates, smaller size, appearance of genetic disorders frequently masked by high genetic diversity |
| Outbreeding | Breeding animals from populations that have diverged too dramatically |
| Outbreeding depression | The two populations are so dramatically different they can no longer breed together despite being the same species |
| How are translocations used as a genetic management tool? | Being able to move individuals between populations decreases the changes of inbreeding and outbreeding depression |
| Mean kinship (MK) value | Measures an individual's genetic value to the rest of the population. Higher numbers mean increased relatedness |
| How does MK value assist in breeding programs? | Knowing how related animals are can be used to assist in genetic fitness |
| Extinction vortex | Small populations lead to inbreeding and genetic drift, which leads to a loss of genetic variability and reduction of individual fitness, lower reproduction and higher mortality, spirals downwards |
| Why is diversity in a population so important? | It makes populations more adaptable and genetically fit. Especially important for animals being reintroduced to the wild |
| Individual history | Where an animal came from and where it is now |
| Natural history | All the natural traits an animal has that changes its environmental interactions |
| Why is animal welfare difficult to define and evlautate? | Behavior is very subjective and its hard to know what is good and bad behavior |
| Early definitions of animal welfare | That specific animal's wellbeing, or the animal is producing what we want from it, or how that animal interacted with its environment, or an animal having the ability to perform behaviors most closely related to how they act in the wild |
| AZA definition of animal welfare | The animal's collective physical, mental, and emotional state over a period of time and is measured on a continuum from good to poor |
| Difference between animal rights and animal welfare | Animal rights are assigned by society, animal welfare is based on the environment and differs from animal to animal |
| Why do we not want to see all natural behaviors exhibited in the wild when the animal is in captivity? | Behaviors such as aggression or avoiding predators are not optimal to providing good care to animals |
| 5 Freedoms | Freedom from pain, injury, and disease, freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom to express normal behaviors, freedom from fear |
| 5 Opportunities | Opportunity for a thoughtfully presented, well-balanced diet, opportunity to self-maintain, opportunity for optimal health, opportunity to express species-specific behavior, opportunity for choice and control |
| Difference between 5 freedoms and 5 opportunities | The 5 Freedoms focus on an absence of poor welfare rather than constituting good welfare |
| 5 Domains model | Physical domains of nutrition, environmental, physical health, and behavior, and mental domain |
| How is the 5 Domains model used? | It evaluates the animal's environment along with the way they are interacting with the physical environment to make sure they are in harmony |
| Why is the Welfare Continuum important? | It can show changes in welfare and help us provide tools to overcome challenges associated with the animal's welfare |
| Why does welfare viewing have to change as the animal ages? | Age changes how welfare has to be viewed |
| What are the AZA animal welfare accreditation standards? | Must be both reactive and proactive, transparent, and should have a staff to consult |
| Reactive management | Noticing a behavior and doing what can be done to minimize it |
| Proactive management | Knowing an event will happen and taking steps to minimize the effect it will have on the animal |
| Why can't we give animals good welfare? | We can only really give them tools to better react and adapt to their environment and watching them to see how they're doing |
| Value of choice and control | Animals tend to be in better welfare states when they have the choice to engage in behaviors and control over their own environment |
| Behavioral diversity | When an animal is allowed to express a wide variety of behaviors in their repertoire |
| How is behavioral diversity used to measure welfare? | A reduction of stereotypies and other unnaturally repetitive behaviors can be a sign of positive welfare |
| Cognitive enrichment | Enrichment that provides mental stimulation to an animal |
| Welfare outputs | How the animal is responding to the environment to help us determine where their mental state is on the welfare continuum |
| Examples of welfare outputs | Health and physiological stress |
| Limitations of welfare outputs | Things like stress can be exhibited when animals are in a positive welfare state. They must be evaluated as a whole picture |
| Why is it important to know an animal's natural behavior when evaluating welfare? | Animals exhibiting positive natural behaviors can be indicative of a positive welfare state |
| Measuring physiological stress | Measured from glucocorticoids to determine the animal's stress level |
| How is physiological wellbeing different from psychological wellbeing? | Physiological wellbeing is only a measure of the stress response of an animal. Because of positive stress, it is not a proper measurement of an animal's entire mental state like psychological wellbeing |
| Preference tests | Giving an animal options to see what they like the most |
| Cognitive bias research | A measure of mental wellbeing by providing an animal two cues, one good and one bad, and seeing if they pick one between the two cues as an optimist or pessimist |
| How can animal preferences and mental states be used a management tools? | Understanding an animal's preferred options can help the animal be better cared for |
| Deprivation | Preventing conditions that promote natural behaviors |
| Coping | The ability of an animal to maintain control of mental or bodily stability when facing stressful situations |
| Chronic stress | Constant stress |
| Acute stress | A singular stress response that happened and then went back down |
| DAK Welfare Study in regards to Annie the Anteater | Used output monitoring and environmental measurements to determine animal welfare during changes in the park. Found increased stress and moved to a new habitat |
| Goals of multi-facility rhino project | Use comprehensive list of inputs and outputs to determine proper rhino welfare and better management |
| Optimistic animal | An animal in good welfare that will interact with novel objects |
| Pessimistic animal | An animal in poor welfare that will fear novel objects |
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