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CH 3 & CH 22
Adverse reactions; Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Therapeutic effects | Clinically desirable actions |
| Adverse effects | Undesirable reactions |
| Toxic reactions | The desired effect is excessive |
| Side effect | Dose-related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome |
| Contraindication | An aspect of a patient's condition that makes the use of a certain drug or therapy an unwise or dangerous decision |
| Idiosyncratic reaction | Genetically related abnormal drug response |
| Drug allergy | Immunologic response to a drug resulting in a reaction such as a rash or anaphlaxis |
| Interference with natural defense mechanisms | When a drug reduces the body's ability to fight infections |
| Teratogenic Effect | Abnormality in fetal development caused by exposure to certain substances, such as drugs, chemicals, or infections during pregnancy |
| Type I Hypersensitivity | Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. IgE antibodies: produces vasodilation, edema and the inflammatory response, bronchioles, resulting in anaphylactic shock. Respiratory, results in rhinitis and asthma. Skin results in urticaira |
| Type II Hypersensitivity | IgG or IgM antibodies. Antibody complex is fixed to a circulating blood cell causing lysis. Results in anemia |
| Type III Hypersensitivity | Aggregations of antigens and antibodies, where antibodies out number antigens forming clumps: manifested as serum sickness, urticarial, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and fever |
| Type IV Hypersensitivity | Delayed hypersensitivity. Sensitized T-lymphocytes, and macrophages. Manifests as allergic contact dermatitis, poison oak, poison ivy, reaction to jewelry, topical benzocaine, etc. |
| Stomatitis | A broad term that refers to any inflammation of the mucous membranes in the mouth, including the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. Can cause symptoms like soreness, swelling, and ulcers |
| Oral mucositis | A specific type of stomatitis involving painful inflammation and ulcerations of the mucous membranes in the mouth, most commonly as a side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy |
| Glossitis | Inflamed tongue |
| Aphthous stomatitis | Canker sore |
| Xerostomia | Medical term for dry mouth |
| Sialorrhea | Increased salivation/hypersalivation |
| Gingival hyperplasia | (also called gingival enlargement) = an overgrowth or enlargement of the gum tissue |
| Trismum | Limited ability to open the mouth due to muscle spasm, inflammation, or injury |
| Bruxism | The grinding or clenching of teeth, often unconsciously during sleep or stress |
| Erythema multiforme | Is an acute, immune-mediated skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of distinctive target-like (bullseye) lesions, often triggered by infections or medications, or other factors |
| Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome | Rare but serious condition where the skin and mucous membranes (mouth and eyes) react to an infection or medication. Causes redness, blistering and peeling, and painful sores. Increased risk of mouth infections. Can be life threatening. |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Dysphonia | Difficulty or discomfort in speaking |
| Dysgeusia | Altered sense of taste, taste distortion |
| Angiodema | Rapid swelling beneath the skin or mucous membranes, often involving the lips, tongue, face or throat |
| Tardive dyskinesia | Involuntary repetitive movements, often affecting the face, mouth, and extremities |
| Candidiasis | Also known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by candida, a type of yeast |
| Agranulocytosis | Abnormally low WBC - can lead to poor wound healing, oral ulcers, necrotic lesions, and oral infections |
| Melasma | Brown patches on skin, mostly the face |
| Diaphoresis | Is abnormal or heavy sweating, often caused by medication, fever, pain, anxiety, hypoglycemia, or a medical emergency |
| Alopecia | Conditions that causes hair loss |
| Orthostatic hypotension | Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when a person sits up or stands up, causing dizziness or fainting |
| Necrosis | Premature deaths of cells or tissues in the body due to factors like injury, infection, or lack of blood flow |
| Urticaria | Commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by raised, itchy welts or bumps |
| Pruritis | Medical term for itching |
| Dyspepsia | General discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen: symptoms bloating, nausea, and indigestion |
| Myopathy | Muscle weakness |
| Myalgia | Muscle pain or muscle aches |
| Thrombocytopenia | An abnormally low number of platelets in blood - can lead to increase risk of bleeding |
| Pregnancy trimesters | Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months |
| Risk to Benefit Ratio | Is a way to compare the potential risks and benefits of a decision or treatment |
| Contraindicated | Something, like a medication or treatment, should not be used because it could be harmful in certain situations |
| Lactation | The process of producing milk in the breasts after childbirth, allowing the mother to feed her baby |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | A condition in babies caused by a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy, it can lead to physical and mental disabilities, including growth problems, facial abnormalities and learning difficulties |
| Neonate | A newborn baby, specifically within the first 28 days of life |
| Syndactyly | Condition where two or more fingers or toes are fused together, either partially or completely at birth |
| Oligodactyly | Condition where a person is born with fewer than the usual number of fingers or toes |
| Spina bifida | A birth defect where the spinal cord doesn't develop properly, leaving a gap in the spine. This can lead physical and neurological problems |
| Jaundice | Is a condition where the skin and eyes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin, a substance produced where the body breaks down red blood cells. Often a sign of liver problems |
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