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cell vocabulary
| cell | the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms |
| Osmosis | the spontaneous movement of solvent molecules (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential |
| Cell Theory | a foundational concept in biology stating that all living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Cell Wall | a tough outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane of plants, fungi, algae, and most bacteria to provide structural support, shape, and protection. |
| Cell Membrane | a semipermeable biological boundary that surrounds every living cell, separating its internal contents from the outside environment. |
| Nucleus | a central core, mass, or control point. |
| Organelle | a specialized subunit within a biological cell that has a distinct, dedicated function |
| Ribosome | non-membrane-bound cellular structures made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins that serve as the site of protein synthesis in all living cells |
| Nucleic Acid | large biomolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information in all living cells and many viruses |
| Selectively Permeable | a barrier that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others |
| Cytoplasm | is the jelly-like material that fills a cell, enclosed by the cell membrane. |
| Mitochondria | membrane-bound cell organelles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a continuous, membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened sacs (cisternae) and tubules continuous with the outer nuclear membrane |
| Golgi Apparatus | a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to their next destinations |
| Chloroplast | a specialized cell organelle in plants and algae that converts sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| Lysosome | a small, membrane-bound organelle inside animal and some eukaryotic cells that acts as the cell's main digestive and waste disposal system |
| DNA | the molecule that carries the genetic code for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses |
| Passive Transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using cellular energy |
| Active Transport | the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration |
| Diffusion | the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| tissue | a group of structurally and functionally similar cells and intercellular material that work together to perform a specific job in an organism |
| Organ | a collection of different tissues joined together in a structural unit to perform a specific function or set of functions in an organism |
| Organ System | a group of organs that work together to perform major body functions. |
| Endocytosis | an active cellular transport process where a cell engulfs extracellular substances by folding its plasma membrane inward to form a small sac called a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | an active transport process where a cell expels large molecules, proteins, or waste materials by fusing internal vesicles with the cell membrane |
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