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poli sci midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| coordination problem | an issue where people need to come together for a solution but different interests in society make difficult choices. |
| condorcet's paradox | a situation where majority voting produces inconsistent results. change: form or reduce alternatives. (girl scout cookies) |
| free access or public good | not exclusive to anyone; one user doesn't take away from another. benefit without contribution (ex. political info) |
| prisoners dilemma | a situation which individuals acting in their own self-interest make choices that is worse for everyone than if they had just cooperated. (look at diagram) |
| institutions | rules and procedures that shape how people can behave and interact with society. |
| tragedy of the commons | hardin - no one contributes, benefits is still there (pastures/cows, AI). can eventually run out, harming everyone. |
| free rider problems | someone who benefits from a public good with no cost contributions. (ex. union laws) |
| articles of confederation | first constitution draft, weak national government and lots of power to the states. lacked important powers such as taxing, drafting, enforcement. |
| constitutional convention | meeting in Philly where delegates drafted the new Constitution, debated on representation and power delegations. |
| connecticut compromise | final compromise between VA & NJ Plans, created the House and the Senate. One based on population and the other based on equal representation. |
| 3/5 compromise | slaves were considered 3/5 a human for population count in southern states. |
| federalists papers | essays written by john jay, madison, and hamilton to defend and convince the ratification of the US Constitution. (Fed 10, Fed 51). anti-feds wrote papers as well (Brutus). |
| separation of powers | 3 different branches of government (judicial, legislative, executive), ensures balance of power. |
| checks and balances | each branch of power limits the other from becoming too powerful. (ex. president vetos, congress override) |
| federalism | the balance between national government and states. |
| confederation | a system where power is given almost all to the states. central government is very weak. (EU) |
| unitary government | a system where power is concentrated to a single national government (UK) |
| grants-in-aid | money given to states or localities by the national government to fund programs and services. |
| regulated federalism | system where national government sets rules and requirements that state and local govs must follow, usually providing funding. (ex. environmental standards) |
| cross cutting requirements | federal rules and federal funding that apply across multiple areas rather than just one program. |
| cross over sanctions | policy where federal gov threatens to withhold funding for one program to influence action in another area (ex. hold highway funds to encourage adoptino of a underage drinking policy) |
| preemption | federal law overrides conflicting state and local laws if constitution gives fed gov authority to regulate the issue |
| Competitive federalism | a system where state and local govs compete with one another for residents, businesses, resources, economic opportunities |
| unfunded mandates | requirements created by fed gov but does not have the funding to cover the costs |
| laboratories of democracy | states can experiment with different policies, allowing other states and national gov to see how it works out, observing results before adopting similar policy |
| log roll | arrangement where legislators agree to support one another's proposal in return for their support |
| american creed / core values | liberty, democracy, freedom, equality - principals commonly associated with the American spirit and political culture. |
| popular sovereignty | power to the people!! gov authority comes from people that give their consent to be governed. |
| classical liberalism | political philosophy that emphasizes american liberty, individualism, natural rights, private property. |
| ascriptive americanism | some groups have more power than others in America, depending on what group you are born in = the resources you are provided with. (ex. restricting citizenship based on race) |
| multiple traditions (smith) | several competing traditions has shaped American (liberalism, republicanism, ascriptive americanism). sometimes aligned, sometimes conflicted. |
| civic republicanism | the idea that community is greater. civic duty, public good, citizens working together in self-government. |
| populism | politics is a struggle between ordinary people and the elite (us v them mindset) |
| 14 and 15th amendments | 14th amendment: BIRTHRIGHT citizenship! Guaranteed due process and equal protection to the law 15th amendment: prohibits fed gov from denying citizens the right to vote based on race |
| first reconstruction | period of the civil war when US rebuilt the south - 13, 14, 15 amendments. (late 1800s) |
| second reconstruction | mid 1900s, civil rights movement, ending racial segregation. protect african american civil rights and voting rights. passage of the civil rights act & voting rights act. |
| poll tax | fee people had to pay to vote. prevented african americans and poor people from voting. |
| literacy test | literacy tests used to determine if one could vote. often discriminated african americans from voting. |
| great migration | (1900s), black communities moved North to attempt to escape southern segregation and seek better opportunities. |
| civil rights act of 1964 | federal law preventing discrimination based on race, color, sex, origin. |
| voting rights act of 1965 | federal law preventing discrimination based on race in elections. banned literacy tests. stronger fed enforcement in equal voting standards. |
| mansbridge | political science helps us understand how political systems work and how to improve democracy, promote justice, and solve collective problems. To solve collection action issues, we need coercion, especially legitimate coercion, is necessary. |
| locke | Government exists to protect people’s natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and its legitimacy depends on the consent of the governed. |
| olson | individuals often struggle to work together toward shared goals because they can benefit from the group’s efforts without contributing themselves, creating a free-rider problem. |
| hardin | tragedy of the commons. When individuals pursue their own self-interest in using a shared, limited resource, they can collectively deplete or destroy it unless effective rules or restrictions are established. |
| brutus 3 | A large, centralized republic risks individual liberty because a distant government may become disconnected from the people and unable to represent their diverse interests effectively. (wealth & power) |
| madison 10 | Control the dangers of factions by making it harder for any single group to dominate the government through representation and delegation and large republic. |
| madison 51 | Dividing government power among separate branches and establishing checks and balances helps prevent any one branch or group from becoming too powerful. |
| dahl | Constitution contains undemocratic features and can be outdated with promises from centuries ago. values have shifted. |
| lane and oreskes | American democracy depends on citizens recognizing their shared responsibilities and common identity, putting the public good ahead of purely individual or partisan interests. |
| buchanan | Federalism can protect individual liberty and limit government power by dividing authority among different levels of government, allowing people to choose among competing public policies. |
| rauch | American politics should have some issues resolved at the lower level of gov. , cultural revolution/evolution, more tailored for each state's people, effective policies and experimentation, helping to solve more coordination policies to an extent. |
| grumbach and michener | lending too much power to states, one group can disadvantage another. reduces accountability. federalism can deepen inequalities. |
| hartz | American political thought has been shaped by liberal tradition emphasizing individual liberty and private property, no feudal tradition - leads to conformity and ideological bandwagoning. |
| wood | REPUBLICANISM! The American Revolution transformed political ideas by shifting authority away from traditional hierarchies and toward republican self-government, popular sovereignty, and civic virtue. |
| smith | ascriptive hierarchy. American political development cannot be explained by liberal ideals alone because racial, ethnic, and gender-based exclusions have also shaped the nation's institutions and political identity. |
| kazin | Populism has a complicated history in which movements claiming to defend ordinary people have sometimes expanded democratic participation and sometimes excluded groups from political equality. (us v them, elite betrays) |
| bateman | the expansion and restriction of voting rights in American history have been shaped by conflicts between racial equality and political parties’ strategic interests in gaining or maintaining power. |
| chong | The civil rights movement demonstrates how people overcome the challenges of collective action through social incentives, moral commitments, strategic coordination, and sustained participation in protest |
| hampton and fayer | Through firsthand accounts from activists, ordinary citizens, journalists, and political leaders, the book shows how individual experiences and collective organizing shaped the struggle for civil rights in America. |
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