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Ch2 L1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| uniformitarianism | the geological principle that the same geological processes that operate today operated in the past to change earth's surface |
| erosion | the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered particles of rock and soil |
| weathering | the chemical and physical process that break down rock and other substaces |
| mechanical weathering | the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces |
| chemical wethering | the process that breaks down rock chemically |
| abrasion | the grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried by water, ice, or wind |
| oxidation | a chemical rang in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust |
| permiable | Characteristic of material that contains connected air spaces, or pores, that water can seep through eaisly |
| soil | the loose, weathered material on earth's surface in which plants grow. |
| bedrock | rock that makes up Earth's crust; also the solid rock layer beneath the soil |
| humus | dark-colored organic material in soil |
| fertility | a measure of how well soil supports plant growth |
| loam | rich, fertile soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt |
| pH scale | a range of values used to indicate how acidic or basic substance is; express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| soil horizon | a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it |
| topsoil | the crumbly, topmost layer of soil clay and other minerals and humus(nutrients and decaying plant and matter |
| subsoil | the layer of soil below that has less plant and animal matter than topsoil and contains mostly clay and other minerals. |
| decomposer | an organism that gets energy by breaking down waters and dead organisms, and returns raw materials to the soil and water |
| natural recources | anything naturally occurring in the environment that humans use |
| soil conversion | the management of soil to limit its destructions |
| crop rotation | the planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain the soil's fertility |
| contour plowing | plowing fields along the curves to prevent soil loss |
| conversion plowing | soil conversion method in which weeds and dead stalks from the previous year's crop are plowed into the ground |
| frost wedging | process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, the freezes and expands. |