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Cellular Respiration
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cellular respiration summary | -mitochondria -breaks down glucose to convert chemical E (glucose) into usable E (ATP) -transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules |
| formula for cellular respiration | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP |
| steps of cellular respiration | 1. glycolysis 2. pyruvate oxidation 3. citric acid cycle/kreb's cycle 4. chemiosmosis & ETC |
| glycolysis steps | -glucose phosphorylated using 2 ATP ➡ ADP (happens 2x consecutively ) -makes intermediate that splits into DHAP (enzyme makes it G3P) & G3P -EACH G3P is oxidized (NAD+ Pi ➡ NADH) & gives 2Pi to make 2ATP (substrate-level phosph.) -produces 2 pyruvate |
| products of glycolysis per glucose | 4 ATP (but used two, so net product of 2 ATP) 2 NADH (goes to ETC) 2 pyruvate (is oxidated in next step) (has 3 C atoms) |
| glycolysis | -breaks down glucose to release E & capture ATP & NADH -produces two pyruvate -in the cytoplasm -both prokayotic & eukaryotic cells -anaerobic |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a mc (the substrate) to ADP, making ATP -handing a phosphate directly to ATP rather than using a H+ gradient & ATP synthase (chemiosmosis) -occurs in glycolysis & kreb's cycle |
| pyruvate oxidation | -transition step between glycolysis & kerb's -both eukaryotic (in the matrix) & prokaryotic (cytosol- they lack mitochondria) -doesn't produce ATP -aerobic |
| pyruvate oxidation steps | pyruvate crosses outer-mem through porin channel & inner through a transport protein -1 C leaves in form of CO2 -NAD+ is reduced to NADH (accepts e- from pyruvate) making H+ -2 remaining C mcs attach to coenzyme A -produces Acetyl CoA |
| Overall equation for glycolysis | |
| overall equation for pyruvate oxidation | |
| products of pyrivate oxidation | 2 AcetylCoA (enters Kreb) 2 CO2 (leaves cell, eventually taken up by plants in photosynthesis) 2 NADH (ETC) 2 H+ |
| pyruvate | |
| DHAP | |
| coenzyme A | |
| Acetyl CoA | |
| Citric acid cycle | -mitochondrial matrix -breaks down acetyl-CoA to produce E-carrying mcs -requires O2 indirectly - depends on ETC to regenernate NAD+ & FAD -completes the break down of pyrvate to CO2 |
| citric acid cycle steps EDIT THIS ONE | acetly Coenzyme A is attached to the 4C mc oxaloacetate & coenxyme A is released -oxaloacetate is eventually remade in a cuclic series of rxns that produce more NADH & FADH2 for the ETC -two ATP are made through substrate level phosphorylation |
| citric acid cycle products | (two turns per glucose) 2 ATP 6 NADH (ETC) 2 FADH2 (ETC) 4 CO2 (released outside cell) |
| The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis products | up to 32 ATP 12 H2O NAD+ (returns to glycolysis & Kreb) FAD (returns to krebs) |
| electron transport chain steps | 1. NADH & FADH2 deliever e- (NADH to complex I & FASH2 to II), make FAD (returns to krebs)& NAD+( krebs & glycolysis) 2. e- in ETC 3. I, II, & III pump H+ from matrix into intermem. space 4. O2 = final e- acceptor at IV, combines w/ e- & H+ to = H2O |
| the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis process | -inner mitochondrial membrane -proteins alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons -aerobic -it oxidizes NADH + H+ & FADH2 |
| protein complex I | -NADH dehydrogenase -accepts e- from NADH -transfers e- to coenzyme Q -uses released E to pump H+ into the imermembrane space -NADH becomes NAD+ |
| coenzyme Q | Q ubiquinone -mobile e- carrier within the inner membrane -collects e- from I and II & carries them to III -does not pump H+ itself |
| protein complex II | -succinate dehydrogenase -accepts e- from FADH2 (generated in Kreb) -transfers e- to Q -does not pump H+ - |
| protein complex IV | -recieves e- from cytoschrome c -transfers e- to oxygen, the final e- acceptor -O2 + e- + H+ = H2O -pumps H+ into intermembrane space |
| cytosome c | -small, mobile protein on OUTER surface of the inner mitochondial membrane, facing the intermembrane space -carries e- from complex III to IV -does not pump e- |
| chemiosmosis steps | ETC creates an electrochemical gradient -H+ ions have potential E -H+ flows through ATP synthase down their gradient (from the intermembrane space back into the matrix) -the flow of H+ powers ATP synthase, which joins ADP & Pi to make ATP |
| protein complex III | -recieves e- from Q -transfers e- to cytochrome C -helps pump H+ into the intermembrane space |
| In glycolysis, what happens to G3P | - NAD+ accepts 2 e- & 1 H+ from G3P & pulls from cell's existing pool of Pi to make NADH -another H+ is released into the surroundings, increasing acidity the intermediate created from the above process them gives ADP a phosphate group to make ATP |
| fermentation | -allows glcolysis to continue when O2 is unavailable (regernates NAD+ so glycolysis can keep producing ATP, doesnt produce ATP itself) -only includes glycolysis, skips Kreb, ETC, etc -substrate-level phosphorylation -partial degradation of sugars |
| two types of fermentation | lacitic acid fermentation & alcohol fermentation |
| lactic acid fermentation | -pyruvate accepts e- from NADH -pyruvate becomes lactate -occurs in muscles when O2 availability is insufficient for E demand (causes soreness) -occurs in animals & certain bacteria -cheese & yogurt |
| alcohol fermentation | pyruvate loses CO2 forming acetaldehyde -acetaldehyde accepts e- from NADH & becomes ethanol -NADH becomes NAD+ -occurs in yeast & certain microorganisms |
| Does pyruvate oxidation require O2? | -it doesn't directly use O2 -However, it needs NAD+ to be regenerated in ETC. When O2 is absent, the ETC stops & NADH builds up while NAD+ becomes limited |
| understand the effects of different stages on each other -if one system were to stop, what would happen to the others? | |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | final stage of aerobic cellular respiration where adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate (ATP synthase) -90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration |
| Aerobic respiration | consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP |
| What does cellular respiration break down? | carbohydrates, fats, proteins, sugar |
| criste | folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane -inward folds (valleys) -they present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP |
| inner membrane | the membrane that separates the matrix from the intermembrane space |
| outer membrane | the membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the intermembrane space |
| matrix | fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane |
| intermembrane space | the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria |
| explain the free energy of e- in the ETC | e-s enter chain at a ⬆ free E level, carried by NADH or at a slightly ⬇ E level (FADH2) instead of dropping at once— would release destructive amounts of heat— they pass through a sequence - they release small amounts of free E at each hand-off |
| free energy | |
| ATP synthase | uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP |
| proton-motive force | the proton gradient established in the ETC -has a capacity to do work |
| Final electron acceptor in fermentation VS aerobic respiration | aerobic: O2 fermenation: organic mc (pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation or acetaldehyde in alcoholic fermentation) --> accepts e- from NADH to regenerate NAD+ |
| Obligate anaerobes | a microorganism that carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 -Alcoholic: converting pyruvate to acetaldehyde, then to ethanol and CO2 -whole independent organisms that can live within animals |
| facultative anaerobes | can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration -Yeast and many bacteria -whole independent organisms that can living within animals |
| catabolic reactions | breaks down large, complex molecules into smaller units, releasing energy for the body to use -glycolysis & Krebs cycle are catbolic (they break down glucose) |
| Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis | Very little O2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, so early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP |
| evidence of the endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria Enveloped by a double membrane Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells (binary fission) |
| binary fission | |
| mitosis | |
| Endosymbiont theory | mitochondria & chloroplast evolved from free-living prokaryotic bacteria that were engulfed by a larger ancestral host cell. -the host cell & endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell |
| anaerobic respiration | -cellular respiration that occurs without oxygen -use a different mc (often sulfate or nitrate instead of O2) as the terminal electron acceptor -produces sulfides instead of water -SKIPS KREBS CYCLE |
| Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration | -Nitrate & sulfate have a lower reduction potential (mcs tendency to accept e-) than O2 (less E released per oxidized mc, lower ATP yeild) -larger pos. diff. in potential = more E released -in O2, the electrons move to a more stable state |
| Where do all the different stages of cellular respiration occur in prokaryote & Eukaryotes cells | pro: all stages but the last occur in cytoplasm Eu: glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and the rest occur in the mitochondria |
| What is the simplest way to release E in glucose? | burn it oxygen (combustion) glucose +O2 --> CO2 + H2O -:living cells, rxn occurs in steps (cellular respiration = many steps) that simplifies to the same equation & releases equal amounts of E overall - prevents wasting E as heat & light |
| why does the anaerobic respiration skip the krebs cycle | glycolysis produces enough NADH to sustain it |
| What happens where carbohydrates are in short supply | lipids can provide alternative aerobic respiratory substrates -lipids hydrolyze into triglycerides & then glycerol (enters glycolysis) & fatty acids (break down into 2-carbon acetyl groups called acetyle CoA & enter into the kreb's cycle) |
| ETC in prokaryotes | -they are located in the plasma membrane -H+ are pumped out of the cell |
| uncoupling proton flow & ATP generation | -if a H+ diffused down its gradient through a different protein, the E wouldn't be captured to produce ATP -much of that E is released as heat -occurs in the brown fat cells of mammals |
| Factors that increase the rate of chemiosmosis | -a steeper H+ gradient - |
| enzyme substrate complex | a short-lived intermediate that only exists for a moment while the enzyme is converting the substrate into products. Once the reaction is done, the complex breaks apart. |
Created by:
Blessed Rectangle 11