A test used to assess macular degeneration whereby a client is shown a grid made of lines, like graph paper, and asked if the lines look straight or wavy, or if any section of the grid is missing.

The inability to smell anything.

A disorder that affects a client's ability to articulate and understand speech and written language due to damage in the brain.

A defect in the eye making objects nearby and faraway look blurry or distorted.

A hearing test whereby a client wears earphones and various sounds at different decibel levels are played in each ear. The client identifies when they can hear each sound.

auditory brainstem response (ABR) test

A hearing test whereby small electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the brain s electrical activity in response to the sound of clicking noises.

A hearing test performed by placing a bone oscillator against the mastoid bone and monitoring the response of the auditory nerve to the vibrations.

A clouding of the lens of the eye that causes vision to be blurry, hazy, or less colorful.

The act of thinking, or using one's mind.

Dynamic interactions between people and their environment using a process that involves cerebration (thinking), cognition, hearing, speech production, and motor coordination.

conductive hearing loss

Inability of sound to travel from the outer ear to the eardrum and middle ear.

A syndrome whereby there is a disturbance in mental ability resulting in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment

A cognitive disorder that can impair communication ability due to language and memory changes.

Nerve damage that occurs in clients who have diabetes mellitus due to high blood glucose levels and high levels of triglycerides, which cause damage to the nerves and to the small blood vessels supplying blood to the nerves.

Affects blood vessels in the retina causing blindness.

An external device used to produce voice by emitting vibrations.

electromyography (EMG)

A test for nerve damage whereby very small needles are inserted into a muscle and a machine records the electrical activity in the muscle.

Also known as Broca s or nonfluent aphasia and is due to damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. A client who has Broca s aphasia may understand speech but be unable to speak the words they want to say.

fluorescein angiography

Injection of dye into a peripheral vein, followed by taking photos of the vessels in the eye as the dye flows through them

An increase in intraocular pressure due to the buildup of fluid, or aqueous humor, that causes compression of the optic nerv

Severe impairments in communication caused by significant damage to various language areas of the brain. Clients who have this type of aphasia have poor comprehension of language and may be unable to form words or sentences.

Taste cells that contain specific receptors that allow for differentiation between sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or savory flavors

Inability to see nearby objects clearly, also referred to as farsightedness.

A reduction in the ability to perceive odors.

idiopathic neuropathy

Neuropathy due to nerve damage of an unknown cause.

The surgical removal of larynx.

An irreversible degeneration of the macula that leads to a loss of central vision as clients age.

Inability to see faraway objects clearly, also referred to as nearsightedness.

olfactory sensory neurons

Specialized cells inside the nose that have an odor receptor and create the ability to smell.

Inflammation in or the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear that can result in conductive hearing loss.

otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test

A hearing test whereby a small probe is placed in the auditory canal, sounds are emitted, and the resulting echo is recorded, assessing the response of the inner ear.

Abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear.

Causing damage to or dysfunction of the cochlea or vestibule.

An alteration in odor perception or a distortion in smells, such as when a previously pleasant smell becomes unpleasant.

peripheral neuropathy

Conditions that occur when nerves in the central nervous system become damaged resulting in numbness, pain, and weakness to the extremities.

phantom taste perception

A persistent, foul taste when the mouth is empty.

The sensation of an odor that isn't there.

Age-related farsightedness, or a gradual decrease in the ability to clearly see nearby caused by the loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye

Also called Wernicke's or fluent aphasia, caused by damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. A client who has Wernicke's aphasia speaks in long sentences that have no meaning and often include unnecessary and made-up words.

A hearing test that is performed with a tuning fork that is vibrated and placed against the mastoid bone. The tuning fork is then moved 1 to 2 cm away from the ear and the client indicates if they can still hear the sound.

sensorineural hearing loss

Hearing loss that occurs from problems either in the inner ear or on the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve (cranial nerve VIII).

A deficit in the expected function of one or more of the five senses.

A reduction in or absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses.

Receiving stimuli at a rate and intensity beyond the brain’s ability to process the stimuli in a meaningful way.

sensory processing disorder

When a client appropriately detects sensory stimuli, but their brain has difficulty interpreting and responding appropriately to the stimuli.

A microscope that contains a bright light used to examine the structures of the eye.

tactile defensiveness

A severe sensitivity to touch that most people would find acceptable that often causes physical pain.

tactile hypersensitivity

Being overly sensitive to tactile stimulation.

tactile hyposensitivity

Under-responsiveness to tactile stimulation.

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ATI Module

Sensory Perception (Exam 3)

Question	Answer
Amsler grid	A test used to assess macular degeneration whereby a client is shown a grid made of lines, like graph paper, and asked if the lines look straight or wavy, or if any section of the grid is missing.
anosmia	The inability to smell anything.
aphasia	A disorder that affects a client's ability to articulate and understand speech and written language due to damage in the brain.
astigmatism	A defect in the eye making objects nearby and faraway look blurry or distorted.
audiometry test	A hearing test whereby a client wears earphones and various sounds at different decibel levels are played in each ear. The client identifies when they can hear each sound.
auditory brainstem response (ABR) test	A hearing test whereby small electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the brain s electrical activity in response to the sound of clicking noises.
bone oscillator test	A hearing test performed by placing a bone oscillator against the mastoid bone and monitoring the response of the auditory nerve to the vibrations.
cataract	A clouding of the lens of the eye that causes vision to be blurry, hazy, or less colorful.
cerebration	The act of thinking, or using one's mind.
communication	Dynamic interactions between people and their environment using a process that involves cerebration (thinking), cognition, hearing, speech production, and motor coordination.
conductive hearing loss	Inability of sound to travel from the outer ear to the eardrum and middle ear.
delirium	A syndrome whereby there is a disturbance in mental ability resulting in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment
dementia	A cognitive disorder that can impair communication ability due to language and memory changes.
diabetic neuropathy	Nerve damage that occurs in clients who have diabetes mellitus due to high blood glucose levels and high levels of triglycerides, which cause damage to the nerves and to the small blood vessels supplying blood to the nerves.
diabetic retinopathy	Affects blood vessels in the retina causing blindness.
electrolarynx	An external device used to produce voice by emitting vibrations.
electromyography (EMG)	A test for nerve damage whereby very small needles are inserted into a muscle and a machine records the electrical activity in the muscle.
expressive aphasia	Also known as Broca s or nonfluent aphasia and is due to damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. A client who has Broca s aphasia may understand speech but be unable to speak the words they want to say.
fluorescein angiography	Injection of dye into a peripheral vein, followed by taking photos of the vessels in the eye as the dye flows through them
glaucoma	An increase in intraocular pressure due to the buildup of fluid, or aqueous humor, that causes compression of the optic nerv
global aphasia	Severe impairments in communication caused by significant damage to various language areas of the brain. Clients who have this type of aphasia have poor comprehension of language and may be unable to form words or sentences.
gustatory cells	Taste cells that contain specific receptors that allow for differentiation between sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or savory flavors
hyperopia	Inability to see nearby objects clearly, also referred to as farsightedness.
hypogeusia	A decreased ability to taste.
hyposmia	A reduction in the ability to perceive odors.
idiopathic neuropathy	Neuropathy due to nerve damage of an unknown cause.
laryngectomy	The surgical removal of larynx.
macular degeneration	An irreversible degeneration of the macula that leads to a loss of central vision as clients age.
myopia	Inability to see faraway objects clearly, also referred to as nearsightedness.
olfactory sensory neurons	Specialized cells inside the nose that have an odor receptor and create the ability to smell.
otitis media	Inflammation in or the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear that can result in conductive hearing loss.
otoacoustic emissions (OAE) test	A hearing test whereby a small probe is placed in the auditory canal, sounds are emitted, and the resulting echo is recorded, assessing the response of the inner ear.
otosclerosis	Abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear.
ototoxicity	Causing damage to or dysfunction of the cochlea or vestibule.
parosmia	An alteration in odor perception or a distortion in smells, such as when a previously pleasant smell becomes unpleasant.
peripheral neuropathy	Conditions that occur when nerves in the central nervous system become damaged resulting in numbness, pain, and weakness to the extremities.
phantom taste perception	A persistent, foul taste when the mouth is empty.
phantosmia	The sensation of an odor that isn't there.
presbycusis	Age-related hearing loss.
presbyopia	Age-related farsightedness, or a gradual decrease in the ability to clearly see nearby caused by the loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye
receptive aphasia	Also called Wernicke's or fluent aphasia, caused by damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. A client who has Wernicke's aphasia speaks in long sentences that have no meaning and often include unnecessary and made-up words.
Rinne test	A hearing test that is performed with a tuning fork that is vibrated and placed against the mastoid bone. The tuning fork is then moved 1 to 2 cm away from the ear and the client indicates if they can still hear the sound.
sensorineural hearing loss	Hearing loss that occurs from problems either in the inner ear or on the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve (cranial nerve VIII).
sensory deficit	A deficit in the expected function of one or more of the five senses.
sensory deprivation	A reduction in or absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses.
sensory overload	Receiving stimuli at a rate and intensity beyond the brain’s ability to process the stimuli in a meaningful way.
sensory processing disorder	When a client appropriately detects sensory stimuli, but their brain has difficulty interpreting and responding appropriately to the stimuli.
slit lamp	A microscope that contains a bright light used to examine the structures of the eye.
tactile defensiveness	A severe sensitivity to touch that most people would find acceptable that often causes physical pain.
tactile hypersensitivity	Being overly sensitive to tactile stimulation.
tactile hyposensitivity	Under-responsiveness to tactile stimulation.
tinnitus	Hearing sound when no external sound is present, such as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, hissing, or humming noises.
Common alterations in vision include	refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration.
There are three types of hearing loss:	sensorineural, conductive, and mixed.
smell and taste disorders often occur	concurrently
Age and neurocognitive disorders increase the risk for	sensory impairments
Diagnosing a sensory impairment includes	physical examinations, neurologic assessment, and diagnostic testing.
Nurses play an important role in	assisting, educating, and supporting clients who have a sensory impairment.
Sensory alterations include	sensory deficits, sensory deprivation, and sensory overload
sensory alterations include sensory deficits, sensory deprivation, and sensory overload. These alterations can be caused by	age, medications, injuries, neurocognitive disorders, or disease.
Olfactory (1)	Sensory to nose for smell Ask client to identify specific smells, such as coffee or peppermint, testing each nostril separately.
Optic (2)	Sensory to eye for vision Test visual acuity using Snellen chart or by having client read printed material.
Oculomotor (3) & Trochlear (4) & Abducens (6)	Motor to eye Check extraocular movements by assessing the six directions of gaze. Check pupillary reaction to light and accommodation.
Trigeminal (5)	Sensory to face/ Motor to muscles of jaw Palpate the masseter muscles at the temple while client clenches jaw. Check sensation by lightly touching over the face with a cotton ball.
Facial (7)	Sensory to tongue for taste/ Motor to face for expression Monitor for symmetry of the face when the client smiles and raises/lowers eyebrows. Check perception of sweet and salty tastes on the front of the tongue.
Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) (8)	Sensory to ear for hearing and balance Whisper a word 2 to 3 cm away from one ear while client occludes the other ear. Check both ears.
Glossopharyngeal (9)	Sensory to tongue for taste/ Motor to pharynx (throat) Use a tongue blade to check the gag reflex. Assess the ability to swallow.
Vagus (10)	Sensory to pharynx/ Motor to vocal cords/ Parasympathetic innervation to heart lungs, abdominal organs Have client say “ah” and observe palate and pharynx for movement.
Accessory (11)	Motor to muscles of neck Observe ability to turn head side to side. Monitor client’s ability to shrug shoulders against resistance from examiner’s hands.
Hypoglossal (12)	Motor to tongue Ask client to stick tongue out, observe if midline; Assess ability to move tongue side to side.
characteristic to learn how it can affect sensory perception: Poor Nutrition	Poor nutrition can affect a client’s senses of smell, taste, and touch.
characteristic to learn how it can affect sensory perception: Upper respiratory infection	Upper respiratory infections can affect a client’s senses of smell and taste.
characteristic to learn how it can affect sensory perception: Construction worker	Construction work can affect a client’s hearing due to repeated exposure to loud noises.
characteristic to learn how it can affect sensory perception: Hypertension	Hypertension can affect a client’s senses of touch and vision.
characteristic to learn how it can affect sensory perception: High cholesterol	High cholesterol can affect a client’s senses of touch and vision.
characteristic to learn how it can affect sensory perception: Diabetes mellitus	Diabetes mellitus can affect a client’s senses of hearing, smell, taste, touch, and vision.
Sensory deprivation occurs when	there is a reduction in or absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses, which may happen with conditions such as vision or hearing loss or in low-stimulation environments.
A sensory deficit refers to a	decreased or absent expected function of one or more senses, such as impaired hearing or vision resulting from illness, injury, or aging.
Sensory overload occurs when the	client receives sensory input at a rate and intensity that exceeds the brain’s ability to process it effectively, which may lead to anxiety, confusion, or restlessness.
Sensory processing disorder differs from other sensory alterations because the	client can detect sensory stimuli appropriately, but the brain has difficulty interpreting and responding to the information in a meaningful way.
process of sight is for	light to enter the eye through the cornea. The light passes through the pupil to the lens posterior to the iris, then onto the retina. The retina sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain to be processed and interpreted as an image
The eye is manipulated by six extraocular muscles:	four rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus) and two oblique muscles (superior and inferior)
The eye is manipulated by six extraocular muscles, These muscles are controlled by three cranial nerves:	oculomotor (cranial nerve III), trochlear (cranial nerve IV), and abducens (cranial nerve VI)
The muscle that raises the eyelid is called the	levator palpebrae superioris.
One of the first manifestations of glaucoma is	the loss of peripheral vision. This loss of vision can progress to include the entire visual field, leading to blindness.
Severe headache, eye pain, and blurred vision are considered	emergent manifestations that require immediate medical treatment.
Myopia is the	inability to see faraway objects clearly, also known as nearsightedness
Hyperopia is the	inability to see nearby objects clearly, also known as farsightedness
Astigmatism is a	defect that causes both nearby and faraway objects to appear blurry
Presbyopia is the	inability to see nearby objects clearly, often age-related
Cataracts are a	condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, causing blurry vision
Diabetic retinopathy is	damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes.
Glaucoma is due to	an increase in intraocular pressure due to the buildup of fluid compressing the optic nerve and causing loss of peripheral vision.
The outer ear consists of the	pinna, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, includes	the eustachian tube and the ossicles, three small bones called the malleus, incus, and stapes
The inner ear consists of	the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals .
Hearing begins when noise, or sound waves, enter the ear through the	strike the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. vibrations through the ossicles, which amplify the sound. then transmitted to the inner ear, the cochlea, converted into electrical impulses. auditory nerve sends impulses to the brain interpreted as sound.
There are three types of hearing loss:	sensorineural, conductive, and mixed loss.
the most prevalent type of hearing loss	Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occur	newborns due to a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome, or from a congenital infection like cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, or syphilis
Noise-induced SNHL	prevalent among adolescents and young adults from prolonged exposure to loud music and increased use of headphones and earbuds.
Presbycusis is usually	bilateral and affects a substantial proportion of adults aged 70 years and older.
Common causes of conductive hearing loss include malformation of	the auricle, ear trauma, cerumen impaction, perforated eardrum, or blockage by foreign body
Mixed hearing loss occurs when a client experience	both SNHL and conductive hearing loss at the same time
Manifestations of impaired hearing can include	tinnitus or voices, music, or television sounds being muffled
The American National Standards Institute measures hearing loss in the	amount of decibels (dB) lost
Hearing loss is defined as	slight, mild, moderate, severe, or profound
A client who is unable to hear sounds between	16 and 25 dB is considered to have a slight hearing loss
inability to hear sounds between 26 and 40 dB has	mild hearing loss
unable to detect sounds between 41 and 60 dB, they have a	moderate hearing impairment and will have difficulty following a conversation without the use of a hearing aid
Severe hearing loss occurs when a client only hears sounds above	61 to 80 dB
cannot hear sounds below 80 dB has	profound deafness
Hearing impairments can lead to	withdrawal from social activities, isolation, and depression
Failure to diagnose and treat hearing loss in infants and young children can lead to	significant delays in speech and language development, behavioral issues, and learning difficulties
Language is the translation of one’s thoughts into	speech, writing, or gestures
The process of speech is controlled by various nerves, including cranial nerves	V, X, XI, and XII
The perception of touch occurs when	the nerve receptors found in the epidermis and the dermis receive an external signal (stimulus) and send it to the brain. When the stimuli reach the thalamus, the information is processed and sent to the skin in the form of heat, cold, pain, or pressure.
Pain signals are sent to the brain from neurons in the spinal cord that cross over to the	opposite side of the cord. The neurons then travel directly to the brain
Touch disorders occur in the perception of	stimuli, ranging from the inability to detect touch to the complex cognitive inability to recognize objects through touch.
Clients with tactile sensitivities may experience	irritation from clothing features such as tags, seams, waistbands, or specific fabrics, making certain garments uncomfortable or intolerable.
Clients who have tactile defensiveness often experience	physical pain with otherwise nonpainful tactile stimuli, such as a hug, wearing clothing, or the feel of the wind on their skin.
NSAIDs can affect	hearing and taste
Antibiotics can affect	hearing, smell, and taste.
Loop diuretics can affect	hearing.
Antihypertensives can affect	taste.
Psychotropics can affect	taste
Antihistamines can affect	hearing, sight, smell, and taste
Aspirin can affect	hearing.
Delirium is not	a disease; it is a syndrome that has multiple causes and is generally reversible.
Delirium usually begins	suddenly, over a few hours or days,
Delirium manifestations include	fluctuating consciousness, difficulty maintaining attention, disorientation, hallucinations, difficulty speaking, rambling speech, agitation, and unpredictable mood swings.
A refraction assessment looks at	the back of the eye as the light passes through the cornea and lens. If the light fails to focus correctly, then the client likely needs corrective glasses, contact lenses, or even refractive surgery.
Cataracts are diagnosed via	an eye exam
The optometrist or ophthalmologist closely assesses the lens and other structures of the eye using a microscope with a bright light source,	slit lamp
Diagnostic testing for diabetic retinopathy includes	dilating the pupils with medicated eye drops followed by visualization of the retina with a slit lamp.
The provider can also diagnose diabetic retinopathy by performing	fluorescein angiography
To diagnose glaucoma, a client undergoes a	detailed eye exam that includes dilating the pupils with medicated eye drops and examining the optic nerve with a slit lamp. The eye care provider will also measure the intraocular pressure.
Diagnostic tests for age-related macular degeneration include a	dilated eye exam to allow the eye care provider to assess for the presence of drusen, or small yellowish deposits of protein and lipids under the retina.
Measuring intraocular pressure is a key test in	diagnosing glaucoma
audiologist can perform a thorough hearing exam, that may include	a Rinne test, an audiometer test, and a bone oscillator test.
The Rinne test helps determine	if hearing loss is due to an issue with bone conduction or with the air conduction of sound via the auditory canal.
The pure-tone audiometry test is considered the most	reliable and accessible method for assessing hearing loss
using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the nurse recognizes that	physiological and safety needs must be met before higher-level needs.
For a client with a visual impairment, orienting the client to the environment is the	priority because it promotes immediate safety, reduces anxiety, and helps prevent injury.
Smell and taste disorders often occur	concurrently.
Glaucoma is caused by an	increase in intraocular pressure
For a fluorescein angiography test	dye is injected into a vein, then photographs are taken of the eye as the dye passes through the blood vessels.
A refraction assessment is performed on each eye using	either a computerized refractometer or via a manual assessment using lenses of various prescription strengths.
The Snellen chart is used to check a	visual acuity
The client's sensory deficit indicates that they might be at risk for injury. Therefore, the priority action	maintain the client's safety. Keeping the client's environment free from clutter can reduce the client's risk of falls.
Presbyopia is the	decrease in the ability to focus clearly on objects that are up close. Presbyopia typically begins during middle adulthood due to a loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye
Factors should the nurse identify as a potential cause of conductive hearing loss?	Trauma to the outer ear. either the middle or outer ear Inflammation. the canal to narrow, reduces the ability of sound to travel Cerumen buildup causes blockage, reduce the ability of sound to go to inner ear. Otitis medi-causes inflam or fluid in ear
sensory deprivation occurs when a client experiences a	decrease in or absence of sensory stimuli, such as when a client has total vision or hearing loss.
SPD is a sensory disorder in which a client experiences a	hypersensitive response to normal stimuli, such as the sound of a television, or the feel of fabric on their skin.
Neurologic conditions can lead to	anosmia, or a loss of the sense of smell. This includes conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.
Cranial nerve VIII is the vestibulocochlear, or auditory, nerve, which has functions for	both hearing and balance. To check a client's hearing, the nurse occludes one ear then whispers a word or short phrase behind the client's head. The nurse then checks the opposite ear.
ototoxic medications	Some loop diuretics, such as furosemide, Antimalarial, chemotherapeutic agents, Aspirin Aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotics This includes medication such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin.
taste disorders and factors that can affect taste perception?	Aging results in a decreased number of taste buds. Decreased saliva production with advanced age contributes to reduced taste sensation. Decreased ability to taste flavors is most accurately described as hypogeusia
An EMG, or electromyography, is performed to determine	if there is damage to the nerves leading to the muscles. very small needles are inserted into a muscle. The needles are attached by a wire to an EMG machine that records the electrical activity in the muscle.
diabetic neuropathy. Which of the following information should the nurse include?	Inspect feet daily Wear closed toe shoes Manage glucose levels
diabetic retinopathy	fluorescein angiography test, reports of visual disturbances, and past medical history are indicators
Diabetic retinopathy occurs in	clients who have diabetes mellitus and results in blurred vision and damage to the blood vessels of the retina which can be seen on the fluorescein angiography test
age, fluorescein angiography test results, Amsler grid test results, and visual disturbances are all manifestations of	macular degeneration
Macular degeneration is the	number one cause of vision loss in clients over age 65 years. Blurred vision and distorted lines of the Amsler grid are indicators Damage to the blood vessels as reported in the fluorescein angiography test can indicate macular degeneration.

Created by: user-1977236

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