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bio evolution test
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. (Change overtime) |
| Who set sea two days after Christmas in 1831? | Charles Robert Darwin, and Englishman set sail on the HMS Beagle for a cruise around the world. Over 5 years, the beagle took Darwin to several continents and many remote islands. Darwin went ashore whenever the ship was anchored. |
| When Darwin was sailing what did he collect/find? | He collected animals and plant specimens that he added to his collection. He also examined his specimens and filled notebooks with his thoughts and observations. |
| What did Darwin discover about Earth's diversity? Where did he discover it? | When he traveled in South America, he found more different forms of life than he had ever dreamed of. For example, he collected 68 different species of beetles in one day. |
| What did Darwins observations help him realize? | Darwins observations helped him realize that an enormous number of species inhabit the Earth. As he traveled, he found evidence that even more organisms had vanished from thee arth. |
| What do scientists now believe about species and how many are extninct? | Scientists now believe that more than 99 percent of all species amounting to over five billlion species, that have ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. |
| Who discovered fitness? | Darwin discovered fitness since he was impressed by the many ways organisms survive and produce offspring |
| What is fitness? | Fitness is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce. |
| Is evolution a fast process? | No, evolution is a slow and long process of change in species over time. |
| What did Darwin argue about where new organisms came from? | Darwin argued that all new organisms come from pre existing organisms, and each species has descended from other species. Since species have descended from common ancestors, he called this common descent. |
| What is adaptation? | Adaption is any inherited characteristics or behaviours that increase an anmials or plants fitness for survival. This was argued by Darwin |
| Who was James Hutton? What did he propose? | In 1788 James Hutton proposed that rocks, mountains, and valleys had been changed gradually by rain, heatm cold, the activity of volcanoes, and other natural forces. These processes are slow, he argued that the Earth had to be older than a thousand years. |
| What are fossils? | Fossils are the preserved remains of ancient organisms |
| Both biologists and geologists date the earths past with the help of a record in the rocks called the ................. ........... ...........? | Geological time scale |
| How did relative dating develop? | Over 100 years ago, researchers noticed that certain layers of rock often appeared in the same vertical order where ever they were found. The position of the layers relative to each other helped determine their age. |
| How does relative dating work? | The position of the layers relative to each other helped determine their age. It helps geologists assemble a column of rocks in which layer represented a different period of time. |
| In relative dating, which layer is the oldest (deposited first) and which is after? | The lowers layers are older than upper layers since they were deposited before the upper layers. |
| What is relative dating? | technique used by scientists to determine the age of fossils relative to other fossils in different layers of rock (comparing fossils to each other) |
| What is an issue with relative dating? | Geologists dont know how long it took for the layers to form so they cant determine the actual age of the fossils in the rocks. |
| What is absolute dating? | Abosulte dating is something in contrast to relative dating, it tells us exactly how old the object is and there are several methods for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils. |
| List how short term absolute dating is done with trees | Tree rings. If you look at the cross section of a tree we can see circles coming from the centre. Each tree ring is one year. Each ring is also different and the thickness of each ring tells the lengths of the growing season. |
| List how short term absolute dating is done with varves | You can look at the varves (layers of the light and dark sediment of glacial lake beds). Each light-dark section= one year. They are developed when the glacier melts and deposits sediment, heavy sediments sink to the bottom creating thick layers. |
| Which is the most common form of absolute dating? Why? | The most common is long term absolute dating, since it can help with dating things and events very far back in time. |
| What is radioactivity? | Radioactivity is the most common method for absolute dating. Rocks are made up of different elements and certain rocks are radioactive, The radioactive elements decay or break down into non-radioactive elements at a very steady rate. |
| What is a half time? | The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. (Used by scientist to measure the rate of radioactive decay to tell the age of rocks) |
| Which elements are best for dating very old samples? | Uranium 238 and potassium 40 since they have such long half lives. But they are not used for dating samples that are 100,00 years younger. |
| Which element is best for dating samples that are less than 60,000 years old | Carbon 14 is useful since can date material that was once alive. After an organism dies, it no longer takes in carbon 14. By comparing the amounts of carbon-14 and nitrogen 14 in a sample, researchers can estimate the age of the sample. |
| what have scientists divided Earths 4.5 billion years into? What are those units further divided into? | Scientists have divided the Earth's 4.5 billion years into large units called Eras. Eras are further divided into periods, which in turn are divided into an epoch. |
| Are fossils something that are guaranteed? How are they made and preserved? | Depend on a great deal of chance. In cold places animals fall into crevices in ice or become trapped in snow fields. Insects and other small animals can get trapped in sticky tree sap which hardens into amber. Other methods= tar pits, quicksand, peat bogs |
| What is the main way fossils are found? | Main way is in sedimentary rocks which are formed when exposure to rain, heat, and cold break down existing rocks into small particles of sand, silt and clay. |
| How do sedimentary rocks work? | Dead organisms become embedded in the sediment layers. Sediment piles up and compresses and pressures the lower layers resulting in them slowly turning into rock which preserves the remains of dead organims. IMPORTANT TO KNOW IT IS RANDOM |
| What can be said about the quality of fossil preseveration? | The quality varies. Some fossils are preserved so perfectly that we can see the microscopic structures of tiny bones and feathers. Other fossils are not preserved as well and can cause a lot of questions to arise. |
| what are the two main types of evolution? | Divergent and convergent evolution |
| What is divergent evolution? | Divergent evolution is evolution from a common ancestor where structures seen in fossils are similar in design but different in function (homologous structures) |
| What are homologus structures? | Homologous structures are similar in design but often vary in function based on the organisms niche or environment. |
| What is convergent evolution? | Convergent evolution is evolution of structures that are similar but not descended from a common ancestor. Structures that are similar in apperance and function but have different origins. |
| What are Analogous structures? | Analogous structures are structures that are similar but not a common ancestor for example, the wings of a butterfly and bat are similar but they do not share a common ancestor. |
| What are scientists who study fossils called? | Scientists who study fossils are called paleontologists. |
| What is the fossil record? | It is something that has been collected by paleontologists with millions of fossils. It shows the major changes that occured in Earth's climate & geography. Every period, epoch in history had a different climate & organisms that were adapted to it. |
| What similarities did scientists notice in early development of life? | Scientists noticed that the embryos of many animals looked so similar it was difficult to tell them apart. Embroys are organisms at early stages of development. |
| What do similarities in early development indicate? | That similar genes are at work, genes active in the early development of these embryos have a shared heritage from a common ancestor. |
| What happens to embryos as the grow and develop? | They start to look more dissimilar these differences in form are caused by genes that have changed during evolution. Changes in form are produced by mutations or changes in the genetic blueprint within an organisms DNA |
| Summarize homologous and analogous structures | Homologous structures= same structure different function, Analogous structures= different structure same function |
| What are vestigal organs? | Vestigal organs are organs that seem to serve little or no purpose. The changes may involve modification of primitive limbs into wings or flippers. But evolution can involve the loss or reduction of structures whos main function is no longer valuable. |
| What similarities do all organisms have in chemical compounds? | All organisms use DNA/RNA to carry information from one generation to the next, the DNA of all eukaryotic organisms has the same basic structures, all organisms are able to metabolize engery in the form of ATP. |
| What was Darwins conclusion regarding the structural and biochemical similarities among living organisms? | Living organisms evolved through gradual modification of earlier forms, descent from a common ancestor |
| What is the evolution theory? | The evolution theory is a collection of carefully reasoned and tested hypoteses about how evolutionary change occurs. |
| Who was Jean Baptiste de Lamarck? | He was one of the first scientist to recognize that living things changed over time and were adapted to their environment. But the assumptions he relied on were incorrect. |
| What was the first assumption made by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck? | A desire to change: Organisms change because they have an inborn urge to better themselves and become more fit for their environment. (They wont be able to survive in the environment so they change to become more fit) |
| What was the second assumption made by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck? | Use and disuse:Change occured since organisms can alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways. Organs can increase in size or change in shape depending on the needs of the organism. If a particular body part wasn't used it got smaller/disappeared. |
| What was the third assumption made by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck? | Passing on Acquired Traits: Aquired characteristics where inherited. He thought that if an animal acquired a body structure during its lifetime, it could pass that structure on to its offspring. Structures that became smaller from disuse would disappear. |
| How did Charles Lyell have an impact on Charles Darwins ideas about evolution? | He was a geologist who demonstrated that the Earth was very old and changed over time. This was important because to explain evolution Darwin had to know that the Earth was very old. The theories he had could only work if the Earth was very old. |
| How did Thomas Malthus have an impact on Charles Darwins ideas about evolution? | This helped Darwin because he realized that the Malthusian Doctrine applied even more to animals and plants and if all offspring of plants or animals survived they would overcrowd the Earth. |
| Who was Thomas Malthus? | He was an economist and observed that babies were being born at a faster rate than people were dying, he reasoned that if this continued, there wouldn't be enough space or food. He observed famine and disease and later, called it the Malthusian Doctrine. |
| How did the idea of artificial selection (a technique used by farmers) help Darwin come up with the idea of Natural selection? | The idea of Artifical selection helped him because he realized if humans could intervene and create completely different breeds, then nature could too. |
| How is natural selection similar and different from artificial selection? | It takes longer & there is no control or direction. On farms, cows that give more milk are intentionally selected to be parents. In nature, species struggle to survive making it so that only those who are well suited to the environment can reproduce. |
| Define natural selection | Natural selection is a process in which an organism adapts to its environment through slectively reproducing changes in its genotype (when animals and plants with traits that help them survive are more likely to reproduce and survive) |
| Define survival of the fittest | Reproductive success: Individuals whose characteristics are well suited to their environment survive. Individuals whose characteristics are not well suited to their enviornment either die or leave fewer offspring. |
| What are genes? | Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins. The proteins the genes make determine how the cell or organism will function. |
| How do genes change? | Mutations are one way for genes to change, they can change in a positive negative or neutral way. Genes are shuffled during the process of meiosis and sexual reproduction. |
| What is a genotype? | A genotype is your combined inheritied genetic idenitity. |
| What is a phenotype? | A phenotype is the organisms observable characteristics or traits. |
| What is a population? | A population is a collection of individuals of the same species in a given area whose members can breed with one another. |
| What is a gene pool? | A gene pool is the combined genetic information for all the members of a particular population. |
| What is relative frequency? | Each gene pool contains a number of alleles. The number of times the allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur is called relative frequency. |
| What is microevolution? | Microevolution is simply a change in gene frequency within a population. |
| What is genetic drift? | Genetic drift is the change in allele frequency within a population by chance. In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendants than other individuals. |
| What is gene flow? | Gene flow is the movement of genes between populations. This can happen through the migration of organisms or the movement of gametes. Gene flow=impoetant source of genetic variation. |
| What are mutations? | Mutation is a change in DNA the hereditary material of life. An orgnaims DNA affects how it looks, behaves, and its physiology, all aspects of its life. So a change in an organisms DNA can cause changes in alll aspects of its life. |
| Are mutations random or no? | Mutations are random and can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not try to supply what the organism needs. |
| What is non-random mating? | Non random mating is when individuals in a population select mates, usually based on the basis of their phenotype. |
| What is a niche? | Animals and plants must have different jobs and roles in the environment in which they live if they are to be successful. The combination of an organism's profession and the place in which it lives is called its niche. |
| What happens if two species occupy the same niche in the location at the same time? | They will compete with each other for space food. No two species can occupy the same niche in the location for a long period of time. Chances are one species will be more efficient than the other, leading to the extinction of the less efficient species. |
| What do scientists know about when new species form? What is reproductive isolation? | Scientists know that new species usually form only when populations are isolated or separated. This separtion of populations so they do not interbreed is called reproductive isolation. |
| What can cause reproductive isolation to occur? | Geographical barries such as rivers mountains, and even roads can separate populations preventing them from interbreeding. Difference in courtship behaviour or fertile periods can also result in organisms only breeding with individuals similar to them. |
| When reproductive isolation occurs, what does natural selection do afterwards? | Natural selection usually increases the differences between the separted populations. As the populations become better adapted to their environments, their seperate gene pool gradually becomes more dissimilar. |
| When does a seperate/new species occur? | When populations remain seperated for a long time, their gene pools become so different they are eventually unable to reproduce with each other. When this occurs, they group of organisms are no longer seperate populations, they are seperate species. |
| what is adaptive radiation? | species separted from orginal ancestor to form many different isolated populations. If these new populations all result in new species. It occurs when populations evolve a variety of characteristics that enable them to survive in different niches. |
| What is gradualism? | Darwin believed that just as the Earth had evolved slowly over a long period of time, organisms also evolved at a slow and steady rate (gradualism). |
| What is equilibrium? | Equlilibrium is when groups of animals and plants do not change very much from the time they appeared in the fossil record to the time they disappeared. |
| What is mass extinction? | Mass extinction is when something happens that upsets the equilibrium and rapid changes seem to occur. If many species have vanished all at once, it is called mass extinction. |
| What are the effects of a mass extinction? | When many species die, many niches are left unoccupied. |
| What is punctuated equlibrium? | When groups of animals with enough genetic variability undergo adaptive raditions which can produce a large number of new species. This pattern is described as punctuated equlibrium, long stable periods interupted by brief periods of change. |
| What is taxonomy? | Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name. |
| When was the earliest attempt at classifying organisms? Who was it done by? | Organisms were first classified more than 2000 years ago by the Greek philsopher Aristotal. He sorted organisms into two groups (Animals and Plants). |
| How did Aristotal divide animals and plants into their groups? | Animals were divided into three groups based on where they lived: Land, water, air. And plants were divided based on the differences in their stems: Herbs, shrubs, trees. |
| What were the problems with Aristotals way of classifying organisms? | Many organisms were placed into groups to which they had no real relationship with the other members of the group, common names were confusing such as catfish, jellyfish, etc, many new orgnaims were being discovered and needed to be classified. |
| What was the taxonomy system set by Carlous Linnaeus? | Based on structural similarity. He thought that organisms that looked alike were most closely related. He developed a system that placed an organism in a particular group and assigned it a scientific name. |
| What is binomial nomenclature? | The system of assigning a scientific names that consists of two parts. |
| which two groups did Carlous divide organisms into? What were they called? | He divided all organisms into large groups that he called kingdoms. He based his classification on two kingdoms. Plants and Animals. Each subdivision in a kingdom is called a phylum animal kingdoms or a division in plant kingdoms. |
| What are the levels of classification in order (7) | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. SCIENTIST HAVE ADDED ONE MORE ABOVE: DOMAIN Organisms are placed in the same species if they can mate and produce fertile offspring, A species contains ONLY ONE TYPE of organism |
| What do all scientific names consist of? What language are they in? Which name is capitalized and which is not? what happens if you can't use italics? | The genus and the species. They are always in Latin. The genus is always capitalized, the species name is never capitalized. If you can't use italics underline the names. |
| What is Phylogeny? | The evolutionary history of the organism. To show the evolutionary relationship between different groups of organisms scientists construct phylogenetic trees. Tree shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among different groups of organisms. |
| what does a branch point represent on a phylogenetic tree? | It represents the last common ancestor shared by two or more organisms. |
| What is Cladistics? What feature does it use? | Cladistics is a new method of classifying organisms. It uses features called shared derived characteristics to estabilish evolutionary relationships. |
| What is a cladogram? | A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. |
| What are domains? | Domains are super kingdoms, a taxonomic level higher than the kingdom level. |
| The domain bacteria contains the kingdom...... | Eubacteria |
| The domain Archaea contains the kingdom...... | Archaebacteria |
| The domain Eukarya contains the kingdoms...... | Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. |
| What resulted in the three domain system? | Evidence that all living things seem to fall naturally into three broad groups. |
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