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Biological Molecules
Biological molecule AS level
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a monomer | Small units that make up larger compounds , polymers |
| what are polymers | repeating units of monomers arranged in regular patterns. |
| what is a polymerisation reaction | going from a monomer to polymer |
| What is a condensation reaction | when two monomers bond and form a chemical and remove water |
| What is a hydrolysis reaction | chemical bond between two molecules (polymer) is broken by using water |
| What is water | polar molecule due to oxygen atoms having a higher electronegativity more protons than hydrogen so H2O shared electrons are slightly more attracted to oxygen which is delta negative and hydrogen is delta positive, |
| Why is water a metabolite | Involved in metabolic reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis which are used in forming and breaking of covalent bonds Dissolved reactants can move freely and collide easily inside cells, allowing enzyme-catalysed reactions to take place. |
| Why is water a good solvent | its polar structure allows it to surround, separate, and dissolve ionic and polar molecules. Polar covalent molecules (like glucose and amino acids) also form H bonds with water, allowing them to go into solution, dissolves waste products ie urea ammonium |
| Why does water have a high specific heat capacity | Hydrogen bonding between molecules so much of the initial energy must go into breaking or loosening these bonds and slow energy change Enzyme Protection and Homeostasis. |
| Why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation | a large amount of energy is required to break hydrogen bonds holding water molecules together before they can transition from a liquid to a gas. Evaporative cooling(sweat or plant perspiration) |
| What is a carbohydrate | C,H2,O, Both a store and source of energy, structural unit. And can form part of nucleic acids and glycolipids |
| What is a monosaccharide | A source of energy with a large number of C-H bonds, soluble in water insoluble in non-polar solvents I.e glucose |
| Structure of maltose | 2 alpha glucose |
| Why are polysaccharides good energy stores | - osmotically inactive - compact structures - highly branched (rapid hydrolysis) - large molecules |
| explain why polysaccharides being osmotically inactive helps them be good energy stores | large polysaccharides are insoluble in water, they wonât dissolve in the cytoplasm so they wonât affect water potential of cell. preventing water from entering the cell via osmosis, protecting it from swelling and bursting (lysis). |
| explain why polysaccharides being compact structure helps them be good energy stores | polysaccharides like amylose coil into a tight helix held together by hydrogen bonds, whilst glycogen and amylopectin feature branched chains. so they pack many glucose molecules into a very small space, maximising storage efficiency in cell. |
| explain why polysaccharides being highly branched helps them be good energy stores | glycogen and amylopectin contain 1,6-glycosidic bonds alongside standard 1,4-glycosidic bonds, creating numerous branch ends for respiratory enzymes I.e amylase to attach simultaneously, rapid hydrolysis and release of glucose when energy demand increases |
| explain why polysaccharides being large molecules helps them be good energy stores | massive molecular size prevents them from crossing across cell surface membrane. they cannot diffuse out of cell, ensuring the stored energy resource remains exactly where it is needed. |
| amylopectin | plants, made of starch, branched, alpha glucose, 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, spiral shape where branches emerge from each spiral, hydrogen bonds between each chai, covalent bonds at branch points,rapid release energy in plants, fast rate of hydrolysis. |
| amylose | plants, made of starch, linear, alpha glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds, spiral shape, helical shape with hydrogen bonds in single chain,long term slow energy release energy store in plants. slow rate of hydrolysis due to only two end terminals. |
| glycogen | animal and fungi, branched, 1-4+1-6 glycosidic bonds, not spiral shape, covalent 1,6 bonds at more frequent branch points, main energy storage molecule in animals, |
| Name the three main polysaccharide energy stores | Amylose, amylopectin and glycogen |
| what are lipids | biological molecules which are only soluble in organic solvents i.e alcohols |
| what are the two types of lipids | saturated and unsaturated |
| explain the structure of a saturated lipid | consists of a carboxylic group and a carbon chain, this allows it to exist in animals and have a high mp and bp, its lack of double carbon carbon bonds, allows it to have lots of surface contact. |
| explain the structure of an unsaturated lipid | consists of a carboxylic group and a c-c double covalent bond, found in plants and has a lower melting point as the double bond results in kinks in the chain preventing the molecules from packing closely together, weaker IM Van de Waals forces, less ener |
| What are triglycerides made of | 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol joined by ester bonds in a condensation reaction, used as an energy store in plants and animals. Can be broken down by lipase |
| Explain phospholipids | One of the triglycerides are replaced by a phosphate group. Phosphate heads are hydrophilic (attracted to water) and their tails are hydrophobic (avoid water) meaning they form micelles when in contact with water, the head outside and tail inside. |
| What is an inorganic ion | An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge that does not contain carbon, occur in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms. So in high concentrations and some in low. |
| Hydrogen ions | Affect the pH of a solution I.e blood the higher the concentration of H-plus ions the lower the pH and vies versa |
| Iron ions | These are components of haemoglobin, which are oxygen carrying molecules in RBCs |
| Sodium ions | These are involved in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids |
| Phosphate ions | These are components of ATP and DNA |
Created by:
sonia.