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midterm
dynamics of diplomacy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| American exceptionalism | The belief that the U.S. is unique and has a special role in world affairs. |
| Imperialism | When a powerful country extends its control or influence over other countries. |
| Autocracy | A system where political power is concentrated in one ruler or a small group. |
| Hegemony | When one country dominates or has overwhelming influence in a region or internationally. |
| Iron Triange | A close relationship between Congress, government agencies, and interest groups that influences policy. |
| Sphere of influence | An area where a powerful country has significant political, economic, or military influence. |
| Security dilemma | When one country increases its security, making others feel threatened and respond similarly. |
| G7 | A group of seven major advanced economies that coordinate on global economic and political issues. |
| Japan, Italy, US, UK, Germany, Canada, & France are all members of what entity? | G7 |
| G20 | A larger forum of major economies that discusses global economic cooperation. |
| Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, US, UK, India, Indonesia, France, Germany, and others are all members of what entity? | G20 |
| Military adventurism | Risky or unnecessary military interventions abroad. |
| U.S. legitimacy | The extent to which other countries view American leadership and actions as justified or acceptable. |
| World order | The rules, institutions, and power relationships that organize international politics. |
| Revisionist power | A country that wants to change the existing international order. |
| Primacy | A strategy of maintaining U.S. dominance over other major powers. |
| Multipolarity | An international system with several major powers rather than one dominant country. |
| Retrenchment | Reducing a country's military commitments or involvement abroad. |
| Kleptocracy | A government in which leaders use political power to enrich themselves. |
| Selective engagement | A strategy of intervening primarily where important national security interests are at stake. |
| Crimea | A strategically important peninsula in Ukraine that Russia occupied and annexed in 2014. |
| Correspondent bank | A bank that processes international transactions on behalf of another bank. |
| Entity list | A U.S. trade-restriction list identifying foreign entities subject to special export licensing requirements. |
| U-turn transactions | Financial transactions that pass through the U.S. banking system even though the parties at both ends are outside the U.S. |
| Price cap | A policy that limits the price paid for a product, such as Russian oil, to restrict revenue. |
| Neoliberal order | An international economic system emphasizing free markets, trade, and economic openness. |
| Bosphorus | The Turkish strait connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean route; an important maritime chokepoint. |
| Economic fragmentation | When the global economy becomes divided into competing trade or financial blocs. |
| Stuart Levey | Former senior U.S. Treasury official known for developing and enforcing financial pressure against adversaries. |
| Age of Economic Warfare | An era when countries increasingly use sanctions, finance, trade, and technology as strategic weapons. |
| Huawei | A major Chinese technology company involved in U.S.-China disputes over telecommunications and national security. |
| Ad hoc | Something created for a specific situation rather than as part of a permanent system |
| Silicon Valley | California's major technology hub, home to many influential technology companies. |
| Belt & Road Initiative | China's global infrastructure and investment initiative to expand economic connections and influence. |
| Bretton Woods | The 1944 conference that helped establish the postwar international financial system, including the IMF and World Bank. |
| Economic interdependence | When countries rely on one another for trade, investment, resources, or financial services. |
| Soft power | Influencing other countries through attraction, culture, and persuasion rather than force. |
| Autocracy | A political system where power is concentrated in one leader or a small ruling group, with limited accountability. |
| Theocrat | A ruler or political leader whose authority is based on religious principles or institutions. |
| Era of engagement | The period when the U.S. encouraged closer economic and diplomatic relations with China, partly hoping integration would encourage political change. |
| Economic decoupling | Reducing economic dependence between countries, especially in trade, technology, and supply chains. |
| Engagement coalition | The groups of policymakers, businesses, and experts who supported closer U.S.-China relations. |
| Missionary complex | The belief that the U.S. should spread its values and political system to other countries. |
| American paternalism | The attitude that the U.S. knows what is best for other countries and should guide their development. |
| People's Republic of China (PRC) | The official name of mainland China's state, established in 1949 and governed by the Chinese Communist Party. |
| Republic of China | The country of Taiwan, with Taipei as its capital |
| Policy vacuum | A situation where an established policy has been abandoned without a clear replacement. |
| Lockheed Martin | A major American defense contractor that produces military aircraft, missiles, and other defense technologies. |
| Defense Innovation Unit Experimental (DIUx) | A Pentagon initiative created to connect the military with commercial technology companies. |
| F-16 | A U.S.-designed multirole fighter jet used by the American military and many allied countries. |
| People's Liberation Army (PLA) | The armed forces of the People's Republic of China, controlled by the Chinese Communist Party. |
| Raytheon | A major American defense company known for missiles, radar, and other military technologies. |
| Valley of Death | The stage where promising military technologies and projects are abandoned or left unused because they cannot overcome funding, bureaucratic, or adoption obstacles. |
| Abu Ghraib | An Iraqi prison associated with documented abuse of detainees by U.S. personnel during the Iraq War. |
| Guantanamo | The U.S. detention facility in Cuba used to hold terrorism suspects, controversial for indefinite detention and treatment of prisoners. |
| Edward Snowden | Former U.S. intelligence contractor who leaked classified information about government surveillance programs in 2013. |
| Liberal order | An international system emphasizing rules, institutions, economic cooperation, and liberal political principles. |
| Arab spring | A wave of protests and uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa beginning in 2010–2011. |
| Forward defense | Iran's strategy of confronting threats outside its own borders, often through regional partners and armed groups. |
| Axis of Resistance | A network of Iran-aligned states and armed groups that oppose U.S. and Israeli influence in the Middle East. |
| Secularism | The principle that government and religious institutions should be separate. |
| Global South | A broad term for countries, often in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, historically associated with lower income or less global power. |
| Vision 2025 | Iran's long-term development plan aimed at strengthening its economy, science, technology, and regional position by 2025. |
| Perceptual peace | Kant's argument that republican government, international cooperation, and international law can help establish lasting peace. |
| Henry Kissinger | Former U.S. Secretary of State and national security adviser associated with realism and power-based diplomacy. |
| Sacred Defense | Iran's term for the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, emphasizing national defense and sacrifice. |
| Constitutional Revolution | Iran's 1905–1911 movement to limit monarchical power and establish a constitution and parliament. |
| 1953 coup | The overthrow of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, supported by the U.S. and Britain, which strengthened the Shah's position. |
| Baroque theory | Academic theories that become so complex and specialized that they are difficult to apply to real policy problems. |
| Think tanks | Organizations that conduct research and provide policy analysis and recommendations. |
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