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Respiratory System
SLP 108
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| glottis | space between vocal folds |
| voiced sounds | air vibrates vocal folds |
| voiceless sounds | air flows through vocal folds without vibration, harder to hear |
| physics of breathing | chest and lungs expand (- pressure), air flows in to equalize pressure on inhalation, chest and lungs contract (+ pressure), air flows out of nose and mouth |
| speech is produced on... | exhalation |
| parts of thoracic cavity | vertebrae, sternum, diaphragm, ribs |
| diaphragm | largest muscle of respiration, dome shaped, forms the floor of cavity, flattens when contracted, volume of cavity increases |
| pleural linkage | connects lungs to ribcage and diaphragm, held together with pressure (no tendons/ligaments), allows sliding movement of lungs |
| pneumothorax | collapsed lung caused by one pleura being penetrated by a gunshot or knife wound |
| visceral pleura | surrounds each lung (L and R), connected to parietal pleura |
| parietal pleura | lines pleural cavity |
| pleural cavity | space in between visceral and parietal pleura, filled with pleural fluid |
| pleural fluid | helps lungs slide without friction when visceral and parietal pleura rub together |
| lymphatic vessels | control the amounts of pleural fluid, prevents disturbance of pulmonary pressure |
| external intercostals | move the ribs up and out during inhalation, connected to outermost part of ribs, run towards sternum (11 pairs) |
| internal intercostals | 2 types, run away from sternum, layered behind external intercostals, connect bone and cartilage portions of ribs (11 pairs) |
| interosseous internal intercostals | connected to bone, move ribs down and in, making them smaller, used in exhalation |
| interchondral internal intercostals | connected to cartilage, move ribs up and out, making them bigger, used in inhalation, works with external intercostals |
| quiet breathing | automatic, controlled by medulla, lung volume increases, pressure decreases |
| speech breathing | more air intake, control is voluntary/conscious, exhalation takes up more of the respiratory cycle, maintains constant pressure, both external and internal intercostals are used, integrate breathing needs with linguistic considerations |
| speech breathing & phrasing | variations in muscle movements occur to change intensity, pauses occur at natural linguistic boundaries (phrases, periods |
| long utterances require... | more air intake, muscle control to maintain pressure |
| spasmodic dysphonia | breathy, quiet speech due to poor laryngeal control (larynx stays open), neurological (brain isn't sending message to muscles), botox used to correct this |
| hearing impairment | no auditory input, brain doesn't know what messages to send to larynx, poor laryngeal control & breathy speech |
| Parkinson's disease | rigid chest wall muscles change shape of chest, poor muscular control, may run out of air or speak quietly |
| spinal cord injury | difficult to breathe on own, hard to breathe for speech sounds |
| cleft palate | hole in soft palate connecting nasal cavity with laryngeal cavity, leads to nasally voice quality (air resonates in nasal cavity) |
| pulmonary system | lungs, airways, diaphragm |
| trachea | lined with cilia epithelium, separates into 2 branches of bronchi into each side of lungs, main tube |
| bronchi | splits into secondary and tertiary bronchi throughout each side of lungs |
| bronchioles | composed of smooth muscle and membrane, small tubes that branch from tertiary bronchi, ends open to alveolar ducts |
| alveoli | thin-walled air sacs, 300-750 million in an adult lung, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, surrounded by capillaries |
| surfactant | located within each alveolus and keeps walls inflated by lowering surface tension |
| trachea vs. esophagus | trachea (used for breathing) is located in front of esophagus (used for swallowing) |
| alveolar pressure | air pressure inside lungs, when negative air from the atmosphere enters respiratory system |
| inhalation | air is moved from high pressure to low pressure, Pav = -, intercostals expand thoracic cavity, diaphragm moves down decreasing air pressure in lungs |
| inhalation pressures | diaphragm decreases air pressure, higher pressure outside than inside the lungs, air flows from outside (high) to inside (low) |
| exhalation | air from inside the lungs is forced out, volume inside lungs decreases, air is forced to move to lower pressure, Pav = + |
| Boyle's law | as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa, gas always moves from high to low pressure |
| high pressure inside lungs = | low volume = exhalation |
| high volume = | low pressure inside lungs = inhalation |
| gender & lung capacity | men have a higher lung capacity than women |
| lung volume development | increases from infancy to puberty, adult capacity levels by 16, stable through adulthood, begins to decline at age 75 |
| wet spirometer | instrument used to measure respiratory volumes |
| speech breathing vs. life breathing | needing appropriate air for the upcoming sentence (long or short), prosodic variations, inhaling & exhaling thru oral cavity (not in nose as for breathing for life), inspiratory muscles contract during exhalation regulate speed (passive in life breathing) |
| prosodic variations | changing rhythm or pitch of speech to express a question or statement |
| increased tracheal/subglottal pressure | increased energy, amplitude = louder voice (more pressure is released underneath folds causing them to vibrate with more force, transferring more energy for higher-amplitude waves) |
| yelling | bigger amplitude of sound wave, more energy required, more air is used |
| phonemes | some require more effort than other types |
| whispering | muscles move in the same way as if you were yelling, vocal folds vibrate farther apart, air flows through mouth |
| children's speech breathing | use higher % of lung capacity, lower lung volumes to end utterances, inefficient at using air to speak, lets out all air at once (can't finish a sentence without taking a breath, use accessory muscles) |
| fluency | respiratory variables determine fluency, less fluent children will use more lung volume and fewer syllables per breath |
| older speaker's speech breathing | costal cartilage turns to bone/rigid, thoracic shape changes, force & rate of respiration/muscle contraction decreases, lung size decreases (not enough breath to speak, use more air per syllable, talk slowly & deeply for intelligibility) |
Created by:
tcs2819