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criminal justice #2
study guid criminal justice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Exclusionary Rule | Exclude → illegally obtained evidence gets excluded. |
| Emotional Intelligence | “Know feelings” = Understand your feelings + others' feelings |
| Broken Windows Model of Policing | Fix small problems → disorder → try to prevent bigger problems. |
| Discretion | Decision → officer decides what to do. |
| Exceptions to a Search Warrant | “No warrant needed sometimes” = Think: Consent, Emergency, Plain View |
| Styles of Policing | Watchman, Legalistic (Law Enforcer), Service (Social Agent), and Crime Fighter |
| Meat Eaters | seek corruption → they go looking for it. |
| Grass Eaters | Take what's offered → corruption comes to them. |
| Peel's Principles of Policing | Public trust + prevention → police depend on the public's cooperation. |
| Three Roots of American Policing | Watch → Constable → Sheriff = the three English traditions that influenced American policing. |
| Changes in American Policing in the Past 30 Years | Policing has increasingly focused on technology, community policing, data, problem solving, and accountability. |
| City Police | City |
| Sheriff | County |
| State Agencies | State |
| Community-Oriented Policing (COP) | Community → police + community work together. |
| Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) | Problem → find the problem behind the problem. |
| Terry v. Ohio | 👮 “Stop & Frisk” Police can briefly stop and frisk someone if they have reasonable suspicion. [Memory trick: Terry = Touch for weapons.] |
| Katz v. United States | 📞 “Phone Booth = Privacy” You have a reasonable expectation of privacy, even in a public place. [Memory trick: Katz = Keep my privacy.] |
| Illinois v. Gates | 📝 “Anonymous Tip” Police can use an anonymous tip to help establish probable cause if the circumstances support it. [Memory trick: Gates = Gather all the clues.] |
| Miranda v. Arizona | 🗣️ “You have the right…” Suspects must be told their Miranda rights before custodial interrogation. [Memory trick: Miranda = My rights.] |
| Chimel v. California | 🏠 “Search Around You” Police can search the arrested person and the area within their immediate control. [Memory trick: Chimel = Check nearby.] |
| United States v. Ross | 🚗 “Car = Containers” If police have probable cause to search a vehicle, they can search containers inside it where the object of the search could be. [Memory trick: Ross = Road trip search.] |
| Mapp v. Ohio | 🚫 “Illegal Evidence OUT” The exclusionary rule applies to the states. [Memory trick: Mapp = Misconduct means evidence may be out.] |
| Weeks v. United States | 🚫 “Federal Evidence OUT” Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in federal court. [Memory trick: Weeks = Weakens illegal federal searches.] |
| Watchman Style | Keeps the peace and maintains order. |
| Legalistic Style (Law Enforcer) | Strictly enforces laws and makes arrests. |
| Service Style (Social Agent) | Helps people and solves community problems. |
| Crime Fighter | Focuses on catching criminals, preventing crime, and enforcing the law. |
| Time-in-rank system | Promotions are based mainly on how long an officer has held their current rank. |
| Order maintenance (peacekeeping) | Keeping peace and maintaining order in the community. |
| Proactive policing | Trying to prevent crime before it happens. |
| Deterrent effect | Discouraging people from committing crimes because they fear consequences. |
| National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) | A national framework that encourages law enforcement agencies to share criminal intelligence. |
| Fusion centers | Centers that bring together information from different agencies to help identify and respond to threats. |
| Internal affairs | The unit that investigates complaints and possible misconduct by police officers. |
| Hot spots of crime | Places where crime happens frequently. |
| Neighborhood-oriented policing (NOP) | Police focus on the needs and problems of specific neighborhoods. |
| CompStat | A police management system that uses crime data to identify problems and guide police responses. |
| Sting operation | An undercover operation designed to catch people committing crimes. |
| Blue curtain | The unwritten police code of silence that discourages officers from reporting other officers' misconduct. |
| Knapp Commission | A commission that investigated police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s. |
| Cynicism | Distrusting people or believing people usually act out of selfish reasons. |
| Double marginality | When minority police officers may feel caught between their own community and the police organization. |
| Vigilantes | Private citizens who take the law into their own hands instead of relying on legal authorities. |
| Hue and cry | A system where people shouted for help and called on others to catch a suspected criminal. |
| Tithings | Groups of about 10 families or men responsible for keeping the peace and holding one another accountable. |
| Shire reeve | An official responsible for maintaining the king's peace in a shire, or county. |
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user-2065769