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Social Studies Unit1
Flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | The twin rivers that formed the "Cradle of Civilization." |
| Mesopotamia | The historic region located between these two rivers |
| Persian Gulf | The body of water into which the Tigris and Euphrates rivers empty. |
| Nile River | The long northward-flowing river that sustained Egyptian civilization. |
| Red Sea | The body of water located to the east of Egypt. |
| Egypt | The country and civilization situated in northeast Africa along the Nile. |
| Indus River | The river in the west where the Harappan civilization began |
| Ganges River | The sacred river flowing through the fertile northern plains of India to the east. |
| Deccan Plateau | The large, high triangular plateau making up most of the southern part of India. |
| India | The subcontinent containing these geographical features and civilizations |
| Yangtze River | The longer southern river crucial for agricultural development and rice cultivation. |
| Yellow (Huang He) River | The northern river where Chinese civilization originally developed, named for its yellow silt. |
| China | The region and civilization encompassing these major river valleys. Comparing multiple sources to confirm facts. |
| Corroboration | Comparing multiple sources to confirm facts. |
| Primary source | Firsthand, contemporary accounts of an event. |
| Artifact | Physical object made or used by humans. |
| Historian | Person who studies and writes about the past. |
| Archaeologist | Scientist who studies past cultures through artifacts. |
| Sociologist | Expert who studies human society and social behavior. |
| Anthropologist | Scientist who studies human development and culture. |
| Linguist | Specialist who studies language and its structure. |
| Turning Point | Event causing a significant, lasting change. |
| Revolution | Fundamental, rapid change in a social system. |
| Features of Civilization(5) | • Advanced cities. Specialized workers. Complex institutions. Record keeping. Advanced technology. |
| Stone Age | Period when humans used stone tools. |
| Nomads | People who move constantly to find food. |
| Migration | Movement of people from one place to another. |
| Hunter/Gatherer | People hunting wild animals and gathering plants. |
| Weapons and tools | Simple items made from stone, bone, or wood. |
| Cave paintings, art | Visual expressions showing early spiritual or daily life. |
| Neolithic Revolution - why was it a revolution | Shift from hunting-gathering to farming. It completely changed how humans lived and organized. |
| Agriculture | Practice of farming and growing crops. |
| Domestication of livestock; Herding culture | Taming animals for food, milk, and labor. Lifestyle centered on moving and tending livestock. |
| Burying dead - what does this signify | Signifies beliefs in an afterlife and complex spirituality. |
| What happened to the population in the Neolithic period | Population increased dramatically due to steady food supplies. |
| What happened to life expectancy in the Neolithic era | Life expectancy actually decreased initially due to disease and poor nutrition. |
| What criticisms are there of the Neolithic (think Jared Diamond) | Diamond said Agriculture "worst mistake in the history of the human race." Farming brought deep social inequality. It caused widespread malnutrition. It introduced epidemic diseases from livestock. It triggered destructive warfare over land possession. |
| Types of Technology of key civilizations | Bronze weapons, chariots, and composite bows. |
| Architectural | Mud bricks, stone masonry, and monumental structures. |
| What geographic challenges did people overcome | Unpredictable flooding, droughts, and lack of natural barriers. |
| Role of Irrigation | Controlled water distribution to maximize crop production. |
| Farming of cereal grains - why is this important? Any problems | High-calorie, easily stored food sources that supported large populations. Heavily reliant on weather and highly vulnerable to pests. |
| Livestock and herding | Supplied meat, milk, textiles, and animal labor for plowing. |
| How is a surplus gained | Achieved through advanced farming tools, irrigation, and organized labor. |
| What does a surplus of food lead to | Enabled population growth, job specialization, and social stratification. |
| How do art and architecture show the values of society | Reflected religious devotion, political power, and societal wealth. |
| What types of government did early civilizations tend to have | Centralized monarchies, theocracies, and early empires. |
| Mesopotamia | Tigris and Euphrates rivers that provided fertile soil but flooded unpredictably. |
| Babylon | Powerful Mesopotamian city-state known for trade, architecture, and law. |
| Cuneiform | Wedge-shaped script on clay tablets; the world's first writing system. |
| Hammurabi & Hammurabi’s Code | King of Babylon who codified (282) written laws. |
| Why is Hammurabi’s Code significant | Established uniform justice, public accountability, and harsh "eye-for-an-eye" punishments. |
| Nile River Valley | Provided predictable annual flooding and fertile soil for farming. |
| Pharaoh | Absolute ruler viewed as a living god on Earth. |
| Scribes | Elite, educated writers responsible for keeping administrative and religious records. |
| Hieroglyphics | Formal writing system combining logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic symbols. |
| Social Hierarchy | Pyramidal structure with rulers at the top and laborers at the bottom. |
| Harappan Civilization | Highly advanced urban planning with grid systems and complex drainage. |
| Shang China Civilization | The first recorded Chinese dynasty, settled along the Yellow River, known for advanced bronze working and early writing. |
| Oracle Bones | Ox bones or turtle shells used by Shang priests to predict the future. |
| Mandate of Heaven & Zhou Dynasty | Ideological concept justifying political rule through divine approval. |
Created by:
colinh30