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Anatomy Exam
quarter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain the stability | homeostasis |
| output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the overall process itself, usually leading to inhibition of the process | feedback inhibition |
| molecules that bind to other molecules (receptor proteins) for signaling purposes | ligand |
| a small molecule that serves as an intermediate between the receptor and the cascade of response after. key for regulation. either distribute or amplify the initial signal received at the receptor | second messenger |
| substances that speed up the reactions without being permanently altered. most are proteins (enzymes) | catalyst |
| also maintain homeostasis with highly regulated signaling and transport mechanisms. membrane consists of a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer to control what goes in and out | cell |
| record of every reaction that happens to keep you alive | metabolism |
| (addition of phosphate groups) by kinases | phosphorylation |
| (removal of phosphate group) by phosphatases | dephosphorylation |
| passing along of the signal until the desired response is reached. can be short or long. longer if signal cascade of reactions is induced. passing along of the message usually happens by changing the shapes of the different proteins. | transduction |
| the study of bodily structures | anatomy |
| the study of bodily functions | physiology |
| groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together for a common function | tissue |
| one or more cells that create and secrete different products like hormones | glands |
| made up of at least two types of tissues | organ |
| your skin, which covers your body's surface (dry) | cutaneous membrane |
| line all body cavities that are open to the outside of the body. ex. nasal cavity and mouth | mucous membrane |
| lines the ventral body cavities that are closed, as well as covering many organs. separated by serous fluid | serous membrane |
| lines the body cavity (ventral) (skeletal muscle) | parietal membrane |
| covers the internal organs | visceral membrane |
| the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord in the dorsal body cavity | meninges |
| where a person is standing up with feet slightly apart and arms at their sides. reference point when using directional terms | anatomical position |
| toward the upper part; above | superior (cranial) |
| away from the upper part, toward the lower part; below | inferior (caudal |
| toward or at the front of the body; in front of | anterior (ventral) |
| toward or at the back of the body; behind | posterior (dorsal) |
| toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of | medial |
| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of | lateral |
| in between | intermediate |
| closer to the point where a limb attached to the body trunk | proximal |
| farther from the point where the limb attaches to the body trunk | distal |
| toward or at the body surface | superficial (external) |
| away from the body surface | deep (internal) |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections | sagittal |
| goes directly through the midline | midsagittal |
| cuts off the midline | parasagittal |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections | frontal (coronal) |
| a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections | transverse (cross sections) |
| muscles most responsible for producing a certain movement | prime movers (agonists) |
| slightly moving joints | amphiarthroses |
| muscles that oppose or do the revere of a certain movement. stretched or relaxed when prime mover is active. adds resistance. opposite of joint from prime mover | antagonists |
| freely moving joints | diarthroses |
| surrounds each muscle fiber | endomysium |
| wraps around the entire outside of the muscle | epimysium |
| synergist muscles that specifically immobilize the muscle's origin bone to increase the prime mover's effectiveness. ex. posture | fixators |
| where the muscle is attached to a movable bone | insertion |
| no change in length ex. good posture or plank | isometric |
| causes a change in the length of muscles. ex. push-up | isotonic |
| the meeting places between 2 or more bones | joints |
| runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small blood vessels for nourishment and nerve fibers for signaling | haversian canal (central canal) |
| gaps between the lamellae | lacune |
| filled with tiny salts and collagen fibers that allow the bone to resist torsion stress. made of a group of hollow tubes | lamella |
| attach bones to bones | ligament |
| myofibrils are like tiny threads bunched together that make it up | muscle fibers (muscle cells) |
| organelle that makes up most of muscle cells | myofibrils |
| the bone that moves less or not at all | origin |
| the process of bone tissue formation. key for forming your skeleton as an embryo. essential for bone growth from childhood up until early adulthood. bone remodeling and repair | ossification |
| build and construct bones by calcifying bone as it forms. | osteoblasts |
| critical in regeneration of bone through bone remodeling by absorbing bone tissue wherever it is not needed or is degenerating | osteoclasts |
| maintain healthy bone structure. housed in lacunae (like foremen at construction site, they monitor and maintain quality) | osteocytes |
| the basic structural unit; long cylinders that act as tiny weight-bearing pillars in the bone | osteons |
| surrounds each fascicle | perimysium |
| contractile unit of the muscle. each myofibril is a chain. separated by z discs that borders each end. thick filaments with contractile protein myosin and thin filament with contractile protein actin | sarcomere |
| non-moving joints | syntharosis |
| muscles that help the prime mover, such as stabilizing across a joint or adding some "oomph" | synergists |
| attach muscles to bones | tendons |
| tiny bones struts that are key for helping the bone to resist stress and where bone marrow is. in spongey bone | trabeculae |
| the effort is applied at one end of the lever, and the load is at the other, with the fulcrum in between like seesaw. ex. raises head from chest | first-class lever |
| the effort is applied at one end of the lever, and the fulcrum is at the other, with the load in between like wheelbarrow. ex. stand on toes | second-class lever |
| the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum like tweezers. ex. bicep curl | third-class lever |
Created by:
AudreyO