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Digestive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ____ mechanically and chemically breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the body | digestive system |
| ____ that is not digested or absorbed passes out of the digestive system in the form of solid waste | food |
| organs and accessory structures of the digestive system are | anus, esophagus, gallbladder, large intestine, liver, mouth, oral cavity, pancreas, pharynx, salivary glands, small intestine, stomach |
| the digestive system is also known as what | the gastrointestinal (GI) system |
| true or false: the digestive system includes 30 feet of continuous muscular tube | true |
| another name for the digestive organs | alimentary canal, gastrointestinal tract |
| most digestive organs are actually distinct sections of the ____ | gut tube |
| organs of the gut tube include | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| _____ organs are involved in the digestive process but not part of the continuous gut tube | accessory |
| accessory organs are connected to the digestive system by what | ducts |
| the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are all what | accessory organs |
| what are the three main functions of the digestive system | digestion, absorption, elimination |
| digestion | physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller nutrient molecules |
| absorption | process by which nutrients pass into the bloodstream |
| elimination | the expulsion of any food that is not digested or absorbed |
| what is the first portion of the continuous gut tube | the oral cavity |
| the ____ mechanically break up food | teeth |
| the tongue moves food and mixes it with | saliva |
| saliva contains ____ and lubricates food | digestive enzymes |
| taste buds detect ___ main flavors | 5 |
| the ____ is the roof of the oral cavity | palate |
| the boney anterior portion is the | hard palate |
| the flexible posterior portion is the | soft palate |
| the uvula hangs from the _____, where it is involved in speech production and the gag reflex | soft palate |
| the ____ are the lateral walls of the oral cavity, the lips are the ____ are the anterior opening | cheeks, lips |
| the entire oral cavity is lined with what | mucus membrane |
| another name for the gums | gingiva |
| incisors | front teeth |
| cuspids | canines |
| the teeth in front of the mouth ____, ____ and ____ food | bite, tear, cut |
| the teeth towards the back of the mouth ____ and _____ food into finer pieces | grind, crush |
| front teeth | incisors and cuspids (canines |
| back teeth | bicuspids (premolars) and molars |
| bicuspids | premolars |
| all teeth consist of what two main parts | the crown and root |
| where does the crown of teeth lie | above the gum line |
| where does the root of teeth lie | below the gum line |
| the root of the teeth is anchored in the jaw by ______ and ______ | cementum and periodontal ligaments |
| the crown of teeth is covered by what | hard enamel |
| the bulk of the tooth is made of | dentin |
| the hollow interior of teeth is the ____ ____ in the crown and the root canal in the root | pulp cavity |
| cavities contain what type of tissue made up of blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels | soft tissue |
| humans have how many sets of teeth | 2 |
| how many sets of baby teeth do humans have | 20 |
| another name for baby teeth | deciduous teeth |
| when do baby teeth erupt | between ages 6 and 28 months |
| when do baby teeth begin to be replaced by 32 permanant teeth | around age 6 |
| how many sets of permanant teeth do adults have | 32 |
| after the oral cavity, the next portion of the digestive tract is the | pharynx |
| digestive system in order | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| eruption of permanant teeth continues until around ages | 18-20 |
| food first passes through what | the oropharynx, then progresses through the laryngopharynx |
| what prevents swallowed food from entering the respiratory tract | the epiglottis |
| what is a muscular tube that is 10 inches long in most adults | the esophagus |
| what carries food through the thoracic cavity and into the abdominal cavity, where it enters the gallbladder | esophagus |
| food is propelled through the esophagus (and the entire GI tract) by wavelike contractions called | peristalsis |
| what is a J shaped muscular organ | the stomach |
| stomach churns food with what | hydrochloric acid |
| what is formed when the stomach churns food with hydrochloric acid and other gastric juices | chyme |
| the stomach consists of what 3 parts | fundus, body, and the antrum |
| fundus | upper portion of stomach |
| body | main portion of stomach |
| antrum | lower portion of stomach |
| folds called _____ line the entire stomach | rugae |
| two muscular valves called what control the flow of food through the stomach | sphincters |
| what sphincter allows food to pass from the esophagus to the fundus | cardiac sphincter |
| what sphincter regulates passage of chyme from the antrum to the small intestine | pyloric sphincter |
| what is the longest part of the gut tube | the small intestine |
| from where does the small intestine extend | from the pyloric sphincter to the colon |
| what is the major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients | the small intestine |
| projections called _____ make the lining of the small intestine highly efficient at absorption | vili |
| ______ on the surface of individual cells further increase absorptive ability on the small intestine | microvili |
| the small intestine has what 3 sections | duodenum, jeunum, and ileum (DJI, correct order) |
| duodenum | 10-12 inches long, begins at pyloric sphincter |
| jejunum | 8 feet long, extends from the duodenum to the ileum |
| ileum | 12 feet long and connects the colon via the ileocecal valve |
| from the small intestine, any remaining fluid enters the | large intestine, most of the fluid is reabsorbed there |
| the remaining material that isn't absorbed by the large intestine is called | feces or stool |
| feces are gotten rid of by the body via | bowel movements |
| the large intestine is how many feet long | 5 feet long |
| where does the large intestine begin and where does it end | the ileocecal valve and ends at the anus |
| what is a saclike area in the first 2-3 inches of the large intestine | the cecum |
| where is the vermiform appendix located | at the end of the cecum |
| the colon consists of how many regions | 4 regions |
| the ascending colon | extends upward on the right side of the abdomen |
| the transverse colon | travels horizontally across the upper abdomen |
| the descending colon | travels down the left side of the abdomen |
| the sigmoid colon | curves in an S shape to the midline of the body |
| where is feces stored in the colon | rectum |
| what is the external opening of the digestive tract | the anal sphincter |
| the anal sphincter consists of rings of muscles that control the process of | defecation |
| true or false: the acessory organs are not part of the continous gut tube | true |
| what do acessory organs of the digestive system produce | substances needed for the chemical breakdown of food |
| what do the salivary glands produce | saliva |
| acessory organs of the digestive system | salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
| what mixes with chewed food to form a bolus that is easier to swallow | saliva |
| saliva contains _____ an enzyme that begins the breakdown of carbs | amylase |
| there are how many parts of salivary glands? | three |
| what are the three parts of the salivary galnds | parotoid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands |
| parotoid glands | in front of the ears |
| sublingual glands | the floor of the mouth |
| submandibular glands | the floor of the mouth |
| where is the liver located | the right upper quadrant of the abdomen |
| functions of the liver | processing absorbed nutrients, detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile |
| bile assists in what | emulsification, which is the breakdown of large fat molecules into smaller droplets |
| where is the gallbladder | under the liver |
| what does the gallbladder store | bile |
| bile reaches the gallbladder by | way of the hepatic and cystic ducts |
| contraction of the gallbladder sends bile back down the | cystic duct and into the common bile duct |
| where does the bile emulsify fat in chyme | the duodenum |
| the pancreas connect to the duodenum via the what | pancreatic duct |
| the pancreas produces two key digestive secretions | buffers and pancreatic enzymes |
| buffers neutralize the acids in the | chyme |
| pancreatic enzymes chemically digest | carbs, fats, and protiens |
| the pancreas is also an | exocrine gland that produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels |
| append/o | appendix |
| appendic/o | appendix |
| chol/e | bile |
| cholangi/o | bile duct |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| col/o | colon |
| colon/o | colon |
| diverticul/o | pouch |
| enter/o | small intestine |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| hepat/o | liver |
| ile/o | ileum |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| lith/o | stone |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| algia | pain |
| ectomy | surgical removal |
| emesis | vomiting |
| emetic | pertaining to vomiting |
| orexia | appetite |
| pepsia | digestion |
| phagia | eat, swallow |
| ptosis | drooping |
| tripsy | surgical crushing |
| a | without |
| an | without |
| dys | abnormal, painful, difficult |
| poly | many |
| sub | under |
| buccal | pertaining to the cheeks |
| cholecystic | pertaining to the gallbladdar |
| colorectal | pertaining to the colon and rectum |
| dental | pertaining to teeth |
| duodenal | pertaining to the duodenum |
| enteric | pertaining to the small intestine |
| esophageal | pertaining to the esophagus |
| gastric | pertaining to the stomach |
| glossal | pertaining to the tongue |
| hepatic | pertaining to the liver |
| hypoglossal | pertaining to under the tongue |
| ileal | pertaining to the ileum |
| lingual | pertaining to the tongue |
| oral | pertaining to the mouth |
| pharyngeal | pertaining to the pharynx |
| pyloric | pertaining to the pylorus |
| sublingual | pertaining to under the tongue |
| bariatrics | branch of medicine with preventment/treatment of obesity. bariatrician |
| dietetics | diet/nutrition, med nutrition therapy, educates patients on nutrition. dietician |
| gastroenterology | diagnosis/treatment of digestive disorders. gastroenterologist |
| proctology | diagnosis/treatment of diseases/disorders of anus/rectum. proctologist |
| anorexia | loss of appetite, may accopany other conditions |
| aphagia | unable to swallow/eat |
| ascites | collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity |
| bradypepsia | having slow digestive system |
| cachexia | weight loss/generalized wasting that happens with chronic disease |
| diarrhea | passing of frequent, watery, bloody bowel movements |
| dysorexia | abnormal appetite, usually diminished |
| emesis | vomiting |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| jaundice | yellow skin, mucous membranes, whites of eyes cause dby deposite of bile pigment |
| melena | passing of dark tarry stool due to digested blood |
| obesity | too much body fat, body weight above healthy level |
| polyphagia | excessive eating |
| postprandial | after a meal |
| pyrosis | pain/burning sensation bc stomach acid splashing on esophagus, heartburn |
| aphthous ulcers | painful ulcers in mouth of unknown orgin, canker sores |
| cleft lip | upper lip and jawbone fail to fuse in midline leaving gap |
| dental caries | decay/disintefration of teeth aused by bacteria, cavities |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | acid from stomach flows backward into esophagus, causing inflammation/pain |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of stomach through diaphragm and into thoracic cavity, also called diaphragmatocele |
| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | ulcer in lower esophagus, stomach, and or duodenum. caused by acid in gastric juices, may be result of heliobacter pylori infection |
| anal fistula | abnormal tube like passage from surface around anal opening directly into rectum |
| crohn's disease | primarily affects ileum/colon, all layers of bowel wall, scaring/thickening |
| diverticulities | inflammation of diverticulum/outpouching of gut, food being trapped inside |
| dysentery | disease with diarrhea/mucus in blood, severe abdominal pain/fever/dehydration |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of loop of small intestine into goin region, through weak spot in abdominal wall |
| intussusception | intestine slipping into another section of intestine just below it |
| irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) | disturbance in intestine, unknown cause, abdominal discomfort |
| volvulus | bowel twists upon itself, obstruction |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of gallbladder caused by gallstones |
| cholelithiasis | presence of gallstones, may/may not cause symptoms |
| cirrhosis | chronic liver disease, failure of liver to function properly |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of pancreas |
| alanine transaminase (ALT) | enzymes normally present in blood, levels increased with liver disease |
| ova and parasites (O&P) | examination of feces to detect presence of parasites/eggs |
| serum bilirubin | test to see amount of bilirubin in bloodstream, elevated might mean liver disease |
| stool culture | test of feces to look for presence of pathogenic bacteria |
| intravenous cholecystography | x-ray of gallbladder/bile ducts after intravenous injection of dye |
| upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series | x-ray of esophagus/stomach/duodenum taken after oral administration barium contrast material, also called barium structure |
| colonoscopy | visually examining colon by passing a colonoscope through anus/rectum |
| sigmoidoscopy | procedure where flexible sigmoidoscope is used to visually examine sigmoid colon |
| denture | partial/complete set of artificial teeth |
| lavage | use of nasogastric (NG) tube to wash out the stomach |
| total parental nutrition (TPN) | providing 100% of patients nutrition intravenously |
| anastomosis | surgical creation of connection between two organs/vessels |
| choledocholithotripsy | crushing of a gallstone in common bile duct |
| fistulectomy | surgical removal of an anal fisture |
| gastric bypass | bariatric surgery, divides stomach into 2 portions, then connects upper portion directly to small intestine |
| anorexiant | supresses appetite to treat obesity, obezine, adipex |
| antacid | neutralizes stomach acid tums, maalux, mylanta |
| antiemetic | treats nausea, vomiting |
| laxative | treats constipation by stimulating bowel movement, senokot, metamucil |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| O&P | ova and parasites |
| pp | postprandial |
| UGI | upper gastrointestinal series |
Created by:
Kimberly0203