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PSYCH BIO PT 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Circadian Rhythm | the approximately 24-hour biological cycle that regulates sleep-wake patterns and other bodily functions |
| Types of Consciousness (sleep & wakefulness) | different states of awareness including alertness, drowsiness, sleep, and dreams |
| Disruptions to Circadian Rhythm (jet lag & shift work) | misalignment between internal circadian Rhythm and external time cues, causing fatigue and sleep problems |
| Sleep Stages (specific EEG patterns) | distinct phases of sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns and physiological changes |
| NREM Stages 1-3 | Non-REM sleep Stages progressing from light sleep (stage 1) to deep sleep (stage 3) |
| Hypnagogic Sensations | the vivid sensations or hallucinations that occur while falling asleep |
| REM Sleep (paradoxical sleep) | a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and temporary muscle paralysis |
| Dreaming | mental activity during sleep involving imagery, emotions, and narratives |
| REM Rebound | the increase in REM sleep following a period of REM sleep deprivation |
| Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory | the theory that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during REM sleep |
| Consolidation Dream Theory | the theory that dreams may facilitate memory consolidation and problem-solving |
| Memory Consolidation (Sleep Function Theory) | the process by which sleep helps transfer information from short-term to long-term memory |
| Memory Restoration (Sleep Function Theory) | the theory that sleep restores brain chemicals and neural resources needed for memory and learning |
| Sleep Disruption Effects | negative consequences of sleep loss including impaired cognition, mood disturbances, and weakened immune function |
| Sleep Disorders | persistent disturbances in sleep patterns that interfere with daily functioning |
| Insomnia | a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep |
| Narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day |
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | a sleep disorder in which a person Acts out dreams due to lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep |
| Sleep Apnea | a sleep disorder involving brief interruptions in breathing during sleep |
| Somnambulism | sleepwalking; walking and performing complex behaviors while asleep |
| Sensation | the process by which sensory receptors detect physical stimuli from the environment |
| Absolute Threshold | the minimum level of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time |
| Just Noticeable Difference | the smallest change in stimulus that can be detected; also called the difference threshold |
| Weber's Law | The principle that the just Noticeable Difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus |
| Sensory Adaptation | the tendency to become less sensitive to a constant stimulus over time |
| Transduction | the process by which sensory receptors convert physical stimuli into neural signals |
| Sensory Interaction | the principle that the senses influence each other and interact to produce perception |
| Synesthesia | a condition in which stimulation of one sensory system produces experiences in another sensory system |
| Retina | the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors |
| Blind Spot | the area of the retina where the optic nerve exits; contains no photoreceptors |
| Optic Nerve | the nerve that transmits visual information from the eye to the brain |
| Photoreceptors | light-sensitive cells in the retina that convert light into neural signals |
| Rods | photoreceptors sensitive to light and dark; responsible for black-and-white vision and night vision |
| Cones | photoreceptors sensitive to color; concentrated in the fovea; responsible for color Vision and visual acuity |
| Trichromatic Theory | the theory that color vision results from three types of cones sensitive to different wavelengths |
| Opponent-Process Theory | the theory that color vision is based on opposing color pairs (red-green, yellow-blue, black-white) |
| Fovea | the small central area of the retina with the highest concentration of cones; responsible for sharp central vision |
| Accommodation | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances |
| Nearsightedness | a visual condition in which nearby objects are clear but distant objects are blurry |
| Farsightedness | a visual condition in which distant objects are clear but nearby objects are blurry |
| Light Adaptation | the process of adjusting to bright light, causing pupils to constrict and sensitivity to decrease |
| Dark Adaptation | the process of adjusting to darkness, causing pupils to dilate and sensitivity to increase |
| Color Vision | the ability to distinguish different wavelengths of light and perceive different colors |
| Afterimages | visual sensations that persist after the original stimulus is removed, often in complementary colors |
| Ganglion Cells | neurons in the retina that receive input from photoreceptors and transmit signals via the optic nerve |
| Prosopagnosia | a condition in which a person cannot recognize faces despite having normal vision |
| Blindsight | a condition in which a person with damage to the visual Cortex can respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness |
| Sound Waves | vibration in air or other media that transmit sound and are characterized by wavelength and amplitude |
| Wavelength (Pitch) | the distance between successive sound waves; shorter wavelengths produce higher pitches |
| Amplitude (loudness) | the height of sound waves; greater amplitude produces louder sounds |
| Place Theory | the theory that pitch perception depends on which part of the basilar membrane vibrates most |
| Frequency Theory | the theory that pitch perception depends on the firing rate of neurons in response to sound waves |
| Volley Theory | the theory that pitch perception combines both place and frequency information through coordinated neural firing |
| Sound Localization | the ability to determine the source location of a sound using timing and intensity cues |
| Conduction Deafness | hearing loss caused by problems with the mechanical transmission of sound through the ear |
| Sensorineural Deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve |
| Olfaction | the sense of small; the detection of airborne chemical molecules by olfactory receptors |
| Pheromones | chemical substances released by animals that communicate information to other members of the species |
| Gustation | the sense of taste; the detection of chemical molecules in food and drink |
| Taste Receptors | sensory cells on the tongue and mouth that detect the five basic tastes |
| Supertasters/Nontasters | people with unusually high or low numbers of taste Receptors, affecting taste sensitivity |
| Vestibular Sense | the sense of balance and head position in space |
| Semicircular Canals | fluid-filled structures in the inner ear that detect rotation and head movement |
| Kinesthesis | the sense of body position and movement in space |
| Gate Control Theory | the theory that pain signals can be blocked at the spinal cord level by other sensory signals |
| Phantom Limb Syndrome | the experience of sensation or pain in a limb that has been amputated |
| Perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to create a meaningful understanding of the world |
| Top-Down Processing | perception driven by expectations, prior knowledge, and context |
| Bottom-Up Processing | perception driven by sensory date and features of the stimulus itself |
| Perceptual Set | the tendency to perceive stimuli in a particular way based on expectations and prior experience |
| Context Effects | the influence of surrounding information on the perception of a stimulus |
| Gestalt Principles | organizational principles describing how we group visual elements into meaningful wholes |
| Closure | a Gestalt principle in which we perceive incomplete fogues as complete |
| Figure-Ground | a Gestalt principle in which we distinguish an object (figure) from its background (ground) |
| Proximity | a Gestalt principle in which we group objects that are close together |
| Similarity | a Gestalt principle in which we group objects that are similar in appearence |
| Attention | the mental process of focusing awareness on specific stimuli while filtering out others |
| Selective Attention | the ability to focus on one stimulus while ignoring others |
| Cocktail Party Effect | the ability to focus on one conversation while ignoring other conversations in a noisy environment |
| Inattentional Blindness | the failure to notice an unexpected stimulus when attention is focused elsewhere |
| Change Blindness | the failure to notice changes in a visual scene when attention is not directed to the changing area |
| Binocular Depth Cues | depth perception cues that require information from both eyes |
| Retinal Disparity | the difference in images on the two retinas due to different viewing angles; provides depth information |
| Convergence | the inward turning of the eyes when viewing nearby objects; provides depth information |
| Monocular Depth Cues | depth perception cues that can be perceived with only one eye |
| Relative Size | a monocular Depth Cues in which larger objects are perceived as closer |
| Texture Gradient | a monocular depth cue in which texture becomes finer with distance |
| Linear Perspective | a monocular depth cue in which parallel lines appear to converge in the distance |
| Interposition | a monocular depth cue in which a closer object partially blocks a more distant object |
| Relative Clarity | a monocular depth cue in which clearer objects are perceived as closer than hazy objects |
| Perceptual Constancy | the tendency to perceive objects as relatively unchanged despite changes in sensory input |
| Apparent Motion | the perception of movement when stationary objects are presented in rapid succession |
Created by:
lilli.spears1