Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two properties that all cells have | plasma membrane and contain cytosol (a semifluid substance), chromosomes (which carry genes in the form of DNA), and ribosomes (which make proteins |
| Factors for the quality of image for microscope | magnification (the ratio of an object's image size to its real size), resolution (the measure of the clarity of the image), and contrast (the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of the image). |
| During this type of microscopy, beam of electrons passes through a specimen | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
| Name a process though which one can isolate mitochondria from the cell | Cell fractionation (specifically, differential centrifugation) |
| List the organelles which are specifically present in plant cells only and absent in animals | Chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, the cell wall, and plasmodesmata |
| Name 2 function of SER | • Synthesizes lipids (including oils, phospholipids, and steroids). • Detoxifies drugs and poisons (especially in liver cells). |
| This organelle sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles | Golgi apparatus |
| This organelle is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules | lysosome |
| Where do you find contractile vacuoles and what’s its function | located directly within the cytoplasm of the cell; pumps excess water out of the cell to maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and molecules (osmoregulation). |
| organelle which generates ATP | mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) |
| These are oxidative organelles | Peroxisomes |
| The inner folded membrane of mitochondria are called …… | Cristae |
| This organelle produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water | peroxisome |
| This type of cytoskeleton are the thinnest of all types and are also called actin filaments | Microfilaments |
| these are microtubules organizing centers | Centrosomes (which often contain a pair of centrioles in animal cells) |
| This type of cytoskeleton helps to support cell shape and fix organelles in place | Intermediate filaments |
| the channels between the adjacent plant cells are called … | Plasmodesmata |
| This type of junction fasten cells together into strong sheets and are also called anchoring junctions | Desmosomes |
| What is a Gap junction | a specialized cell junction in animal cells consisting of membrane proteins that surround a pore. allows the direct passage of ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules between adjacent cells. |
| Where do you find central vacuoles | acts as repository for inorganic ions, role in growth of plant cells by absorbing water, maintains turgor pressure to keep plant rigid/upright; located right at center of the cell, taking up vast majority (up to 80%/90%) of cell's internal volume |
| Cell Diversity | Over 200 different types of human cells Types differ in size, shape, subcellular, components, and functions |
| Human cells have three basic parts | Plasma membrane - flexible outer boundary Cytoplasm - intracellular fluid containing organelles Nucleus - control center |
| Cell is lowest level of organization performing all activities required for life | |
| All cells are | Enclosed by a membrane Use DNA as their genetic information |
| Light Microscope (LM) | visible light passes through the specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image Magnify effectively to about 1,000x Most subcellular structures, including organelles are too small to be resolved by an LM |
| Electron Microscopes | Scanning Electron: focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3D Transmission electron: focus a beam of electrons through a specimen -Used to study internal structure of a cell, 2D |
| Prokaryotic Cells | No nucleus DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid No membrane bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane |
| Eukaryotic Cells | DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope Membrane bound organelles Cytoplasm in the region b/n the plasma membrane and nucleus General much larger than prokaryotic cells |
| Cytoplasm | Locate between plasma membrane and nucleus Cytosol: water with solutes Organelles Inclusions: vary with cell type |
| Cytoplasmic Organelles: Membranous | Mitochondria Peroxisomes Lysosomes Endosplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Membranes allow crucial compartmentalization |
| Cytoplasmic Organelles: Nonmembranous | Cytoskeleton Centroiles Ribosomes |
| Endomembrane System | Includes ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes |
| Mitochondria | Double-membrane structure with inner shelf-like cristae Provide most of cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration Requires oxygen Contain their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes Similar to bacteria, capable of cell division called fission |
| Ribsosomes | Granules containing protein and RNA Site of protein synthesis Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles Rough ER synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns Continuous with outer nuclear membrane Two varieties: Rough ER Smooth ER |
| Rough ER | External surface studded with ribosomes Manufactures all secreted proteins Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicles, go to Golgi Apparatus |
| Smooth ER | Network of tubules continuous with rough ER Its enzymes (integral proteins) function in –Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins |
| Golgi Apparatus | Stacked and flattened membranous sacs Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face; proteins modified, tagged for deliver, sorted, packaged in vesicles |
| Peroxisomes | •Membranous sacs contain oxidases and catalases •Detoxify harmful substances •Catalysis/synthesis of fatty acids |
| Lysosomes | •Spherical membranous bags contain digestive enzymes –"Safe" sites for intracellular digest. •Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins •Metabolic functions |
| Cytoskeleton | •Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structures –Three types • Microfilaments •Intermediate filaments •Microtubules |
| Microfilaments | •Thinnest of cytoskeletal elements •Dynamic strands of protein actin •Involved in muscle contraction |
| Intermediate Filaments: | •Tough, insoluble, ropelike protein fibers •Composed of tetramer fibrils •Resist pulling forces on cell •E.g., keratin filaments in epithelial cells, anchorage of nucleu |
| Microtubules | •Largest of cytoskeletal elements; dynamic hollow tubes; most radiate from centrosome •Composed of protein subunits called tubulins •Cell division |
| Centrosomes and Centrioles | •"Cell center" near nucleus •Generates microtubules; organizes mitotic spindle •Contains paired centrioles -Barrel-shaped organelles formed by microtubules •Centrioles form basis of cilia and flagella |
| Cellular Extensions | Cilia and flagella –Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells –Contain microtubules and motor molecules –Cilia move substances across cell surfaces – Longer flagella propel whole cells (tail of sperm) |
| Nucleus | •Largest organelle; genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins •Responds to signals; dictates kinds and amounts of proteins synthesized |
| Nuclear Envelope | •Double-membrane barrier; encloses nucleoplasm •Outer layer continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes •Inner lining maintains shape of nucleus; scaffold to organize DNA pores allow substances to pass |
| Nuceloli | •Dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus •Involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly |
| Chromatin | •Threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%) •Condense into barlike bodies called chromosomes when cell starts to divide |
| Cell Interactive Diagram | |
| Most cells uninucleate; skeletal muscle cells, bone destruction cells, and some liver cells are multinucleate; red blood cells are anucleate Three regions/structures | |
| Cellular Extensions | •Microvilli –Minute, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane –Increase surface area for absorption –Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
| Lysosomes Part 2 | •Destroy cells nonuseful tissue ATP and hydrogen add acidity Break down bone release Ca2+ |
| Peroxisomes Part 2 | •Neutralize dangerous free radicals(highly reactive chemicals/unpaired electrons) –Oxidases convert to H2O2 (toxic) -Catalases convert H2O2 to water and oxygen |
| Smooth ER Part 2 | –Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats –Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals –Convert glycogen to free glucose –Storage/release calcium |
| key roles of cell division | development from a fertilized cell, growth, repair and maintenance |
| cellular organization of the genetic material | DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into chromosomes |
| Somatic Cells | Non-reproductive cells, have two sets of chromosomes |
| Chromatin | a complex of DNA and protein |
| each duplicated chromosomes has two sister chromatids | |
| centromere | narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome where the two chromatids are most closely attached |
| Chromosomes | structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information |
| what are sister chromatids? | two identical copies of a duplicated chromosome joined together |
| difference between binary fission and mitosis? | binary fission occurs in prokaryotes, mitosis is nuclear division in eukaryotic cells |
| what happens during binary fission | chromosomes replicates, two copies move apart, and the cell divides into two daughter cells |
| what is binary fission | type of cell division used by prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea |
| are daughter cells produced by normal mitosis genetically identical | yes they generally have same genetic info as each other and parent cell, barring mutations |
| what is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis? | mitosis divides the nucleus, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm |
| what are the daughter cells | two cells produced when a parent cell divides |
| what is a cell plate | a structure that forms between two new daughter cells in a plant cell and develops into a new cell wall |
| how does cytokinesis occur in animal cells | plasma membrane constricts, forming a cleavage furrow that separates the cell into two |
| how does cytokinesis occur plant cells | a cell plate forms in the middle of the cell and develops into a new separating wall |
| when does cytokinesis begin | it often begins during anaphase and continues through telophase |
| what is cytokinesis responsible for | dividing the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells |
| correct order of mitosis | prophase, metapahse, anaphase, telophase |
| what happens during telophase | two new nuclei form around the two identical sets of chromosomes |
| what happens during anaphase | sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move toward opposite poles of the cell |
| metaphase plate | imaginary line across the center of the cell where chromosome line up |
| what happens to nuclear envelope during prophase | breaks down as mitosis progresses, allowing chromosomes to interact with the spindle |
| what happens during a prophase | chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes |
| what is cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells |
| what is mitosis | division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei |
| two parts of mitotic phase | mitosis and cytokinesis |
| percentage of the cell cycle is typically spent in mitotic phase | about 10% |
| what happens during G2 | cell continues growing and prepares or division |
| what happens during S phase | DNA is replicated, creating duplicated chromosomes with sister chromatids |
| what happens during G1 | cell grows and performs its normal functions |
| three stages of interphase | G1, S, G2 |
| percentage of cell cycle spent in interphase | about 90% |
| what is cell cycle | sequence of events in which a cell grows, duplicates its contents, and divides into daughter cells |
| what does 2n mean | diploid, two sets of chromosomes |
| how many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain | 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs |
Created by:
bethanygumpel